Plaintiffs,
v. 00 Civ. 277 (LAK) SHAWN C. REIMERDES, et al,
Defendants. ------------------------------x
July 19, 2000
9:00 a.m. Before:
HON. LEWIS A. KAPLAN,
District Judge
APPEARANCES
413
THE COURT: Before we get started with the witness, let me just make a suggestion to you.
We have been proceeding on the assumptions that everybody knows and that the record reflects such fundamental facts as what's a computer, what's an operating system, what's the Internet or the worldwide web, and so on.
In the interest of having a complete record, it seems to me we ought not to assume those things. So, I invite your attention to what I think are entirely uncontroversial findings on those points in U.S. v. Microsoft, basically defining the terms which is reported at 84 Fed.Supp.2d page 9. And the ones I thought particularly relevant were paragraphs 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16, which simply lay out the background.
I would invite you to look at them at some point and see whether you will stipulate to them. And if you can't stipulate to them, address the question of why I shouldn't take judicial notice of the facts in those paragraphs. Obviously we are not trying the Microsoft case here.
Let's proceed.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, may we approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
MR. GARBUS: I have some suggested stipulations that may save a great deal of time and we may be able to -- (1)
414 that there's no direct proof that any single copy of a movie has ever been sent out on the Internet, that is DeCSS and deencrypted --
MR. GOLD: If I may? Your Honor, I would respectfully request that whatever stipulations Mr. Garbus may have in the case and whenever he has them, I would love to get them in writing so I can look at them and it seems to me the quickest way to do it, instead of grabbing a minute or two before a particular witness is examined --
MR. GARBUS: I'm trying to do this because of time.
MR. SIMS: Your Honor --
THE COURT: Don't everybody talk at once.
I know you are, Mr. Garbus. And I appreciate that you are trying to save time. I don't want to take trial time unnecessarily with this. I can't anticipate the discussion from yesterday's discussion and I think the solution on at least the one you read now is readily obvious, in light of the solution yesterday.
I suspect that when Mr. Gold gets a chance to think about it, he will agree with the same caveats he agreed yesterday, that is, he's going to ask me to infer and he is going to want you to, at this point, I suppose that lots of people are offering movies that purport to be decrypted and that I should infer, even in the absence of specific knowledge as to what utility was used to decrypt them, that at least
415 some of them were decrypted with DeCSS, and you will have your arguments on.
Why don't you have that discussion between yourselves first.
MR. SIMS: We provided you five pages of proposed stipulations last week at the judge's request and we've never gotten any response and I've written about it.
MR. GARBUS: I haven't seen them.
THE COURT: Work that out.
MR. GARBUS: The other thing I wanted to mention is since your Court has been very sensitive about the whole issue of press, I wanted to mention that over the of the two days, I have not spoken to any representative of the press. I have no objection to the fact that other people have spoken to members of press. They have every right to do so.
I just wanted to point that out. We have not in over the last two days not spoken to a soul.
THE COURT: We are just not going to get into that, Mr. Garbus. You have made your assertion. Ms. Gross and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which is I gather financing this case, and she's sitting at counsel table with you, weren't covered by your remarks I noticed.
MR. GARBUS: They were.
THE COURT: Nor were any of a number of other people. So, let's --
416
MR. GARBUS: I was talking about myself.
THE COURT: Let's just avoid all these protestations.
MR GOLD: Your Honor, in the late afternoon yesterday, you asked us several questions about turning over of drafts of Mr. Schumann's declaration and we have run that down at this point. Is it appropriate to do it now or would you rather wait?
THE COURT: Did I ask you questions? I just asked you to turn them over, if you had it. What's the problem?
MR GOLD: What happened is when we verified this with the records, after the deposition, we got a letter from defendant's firm asking very specifically for documents. They did not ask for the drafts of any declarations; however, they did ask for some specific materials and what Mr. Schumann did is turn over his whole file at that point.
The file contained drafts that he had in his possession of this declaration. Although they had not been asked for, we took Mr. Schumann's file and turned it all over, including declarations, to the defendants.
I know your Honor doesn't want me to bring up other issues that we have about documents with the defendants, so I will not. So, there were drafts and they were turned over.
THE COURT: All right. Let's go.
417 called as a witness by the plaintiff having been previously duly sworn, testified as follows:
MR. HERNSTADT: Your Honor, just to complete the record on that, I believe to the extent they were turned over, they were turned over within the last week after the second day of Mr. Schumann's declaration.
THE COURT: Look, could we please get on with the testimony.
MR. HERNSTADT: Thank you.
THE COURT: Ms. King, you are still under oath. DIRECT EXAMINATION Continued
Q. Good morning, Ms. King.
A. Good morning.
Q. You had just finished yesterday testifying about the nature of the importance the studios attributed to having an encryption system before they came out with their DVDs and I'm going to continue from there.
What has happened with DVD sales since the adoption of CSS and the studio's decision to release their pictures in DVD format?
A. Well, the sales of DVD players have been quite successful. There are over, I believe it's about 5 million U.S. homes, the projections show probably 10 million by the end of the year 2000. The sales of DVD software have been quite robust both
418 in the United States and where we are launched around the world.
Q. Approximately how many DVD players have been sold?
A. I think it's -- I think it's about 5 million.
Q. Is there current harm to the plaintiffs represented by the dissemination in the DeCSS hack?
MR. GARBUS: I object to the form.
THE COURT: What's the objection to the form?
MR. GARBUS: No foundation for it. Could we hear the question again?
THE COURT: Read the question please, Amy.
MR. GARBUS: I object to the question.
THE COURT: Overruled.
The witness is the head of business affairs for the studio.
A. First of all, we lost what to us was our first line of defense in protecting our copyrights in the digital domain. The CSS encryption system was to provide protection for our works in DVD. As I said before, the reason that the studios, including Warner Brothers, were willing to distribute their product in the digital domain in this new format was because they had this protection.
So, the first thing is we've lost our protection. That in itself is of great harm to us. Secondly, the second
419 harm might be the loss of confidence in using.
MR. GARBUS: May I object, your Honor --
A. Excuse me.
THE COURT: You can cross-examine, Mr. Garbus. You can't object to the answer.
A. The second problem is certainly the loss of confidence that the studios would have in continuing to distribute product in this format. There's a tremendous amount of investment that's gone into the development of DVD, the investments of the studios, including in mastering a very expensive product, the investment of the consumer electronics industry, the investment of the computer industries and equally the investment of what will be we think 12 million consumers by the end of the year 20000 and purchasing a product that is widely accepted around the world.
On top of that, we believe that we are beginning to lose legitimate sales of our product and will continue to increasingly lose legitimate sales of our product.
Q. Does Warner believe that the DeCSS --
THE COURT: Let's talk about what the witness believes, at least. I don't think she can speak for untold thousands of individuals.
MR GOLD: Thank you, your Honor.
Q. Do you believe any other damage will flow to Warner from the DeCSS hack unless dissemination of DeCSS is enjoined?
420
A. Well, if the dissemination of DeCSS is not enjoined and if the legislation is not upheld, then we've lost our protection for products in the digital domain, not only could it have a tremendously adverse effect on the sale of DVD, but Warner Brothers at least is now looking into digital distribution of its movie in video-on-demand avenues. They can be private video on demand through a pay-per-view network like direct TV or it could be through the Internet.
But the only way I think that we would be willing to go ahead is if we had some type of protection for our product. Additionally, even if we had protection on video on demand, if there still was a hack like this of DVD, it could cut the window and cut off our future revenue from that new product stream. So, our TV revenues as well as our video revenues would be impacted greatly.
Q. Have you ever heard the term "film library"?
A. Yes.
Q. What is that?
A. Our film library like the libraries of the other studios had a great value to us because in the reselling of our older catalog titles, what we call our "crown jewels" of the studio.
We make income just to bring in new movies because there's a very small percentage of new movies that actually turn a profit over the short term. So, the resale of our library and the value of existing products like "Casablanca"
421 or "Gone With The Wind" are very valuable to the studios.
A product like DVD gives the studios a chance to resell its library to a new -- to a new consumer and since video was the first consumer product in their hands provided by the motion picture studios, we have seen a tremendous sale of catalog product. The continued dissemination of our movies not coming from the studios would impact those sales.
Q. Can you quantify the potential loss of revenue that Warner would suffer unless the dissemination of the DeCSS hack is enjoined?
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: I object.
THE COURT: Pardon?
MR. GARBUS: I object to that. There's no foundation.
THE COURT: Overruled.
A. I have not seen a quantification of projected harm. I do know that our -- when I speak for Warner Home Video in which I work, that we have done our five-year projections and our five-year strategic plan. And one of the great risks focuses on the growth of DVD which provides, not just income to balance out a mature business like video, but incremental income to show growth for our company.
One of the tremendous risk factors that we list and that we emphasize every time we talk about the business is to
422 the risk of digital piracy and digital copyright sharing.
Q. Does DeCSS create any problem with the public's image of motion pictures and motion picture distribution?
MR. GARBUS: I object to the form of the question.
THE COURT: What's the problem with the form?
MR. GARBUS: As to what the public is thinking? As to what the public's image is?
THE COURT: I'm going to take it for what it's worth as a perception of the studio. I don't know that it's worth much.
Go ahead.
A. Well, I also can't speak, you know, for the entire public, but I can speak for how the studios look at what's happening in the marketplace today.
One of the great problems that we believe at the studio is happening in the music industry is the perception that copyrighted music is free and whether that's grounded in prior law or whether that's grounded in just common practice, we are not sure, but it's a perception that exists in the marketplace that makes it very difficult for the music industry to make its case.
In the movie industry, we are in a different -- we are in a different situation and we know that our movies are protected by copyright in that there is no right to make a copy of a movie. There just isn't. And we want to protect
423 our movies now and into the future.
MR. GOLD: I have no further questions, your Honor.
THE COURT: Ms. King, I've got one.
Is there any way to put this genie back in the bottle, I mean, the DeCSS genie by a Court order addressed to this defendant?
THE WITNESS: Well, I'm not a technical expert and I know that that is very difficult, however, I believe that the combination of the enforcement of the DMCA code, citizens being law-abiding citizens and the measures that we have in place in terms of our own antipiracy and anticopying efforts sends a message that I think it's a combination of the enforcement, further technological innovations that will put on our product, the enforcement of the law and the public perception -- the public understanding that you cannot just violate the copyright law and take product that has -- is up there because it's a violation of the law, it's being trafficked on, because it's violated the law.
That's why I think -- that's why I think this is exceptionally important and I know my colleagues believe that as well.
THE COURT: Given the apparent dissemination of the DeCSS code, wouldn't your interests, if they are valid, be served to whatever extent a Court is able to serve them by declaratory judgment in determining whether or not what
424 occurred here and what is threatened to continue occur with DeCSS, assuming there's a continued threat, is illegal or not?
Do you follow me?
THE WITNESS: In other words, you're saying if it just was declared illegal, as opposed to --
THE COURT: As opposed to picking out one defendant to enjoin. It's as if what you were trying to do here was to stop 37,000 kayakers coming down the Hudson River and you're asking for an injunction against one of them on the premise that coming down the Hudson River in a kayak is illegal.
Even if you get that injunction, there are going to be 36,999 kayakers coming down the river. Isn't what you are really after here a determination of whether it's illegal to kayak down the Hudson?
THE WITNESS: Yes, that is certainly what we are after here. My response to that is that, at least as one of the studios involved in this lawsuit, we had to start somewhere.
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus?
Q. Does anyone in the studio -- and I'm just repeating the stipulations now we were going to offer this is morning -- have any direct proof that any single copy of a movie that has ever been sent out on the Internet was sent out after DeCSS
425 encryption, yes or no, direct proof?
A. I can't answer that question for all the studios.
Q. For yourself?
A. Not that I know of.
Q. Now, you say you meet with other studios' representatives and heads, is that right?
A. From time to time.
Q. Has anyone at any studio ever told you -- have you ever seen a document -- let me rephrase that question.
Have you ever seen a document from any studio or the MPAA or any third party showing any direct proof that any one single copy of a movie has ever been sent out on the Internet that was DeCSS encrypted?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever seen any direct proof that anyone ever downloaded source or object code from 2600.com?
A. Other than in this courtroom, I have not.
Q. Other than the plaintiff's witnesses, you mean?
A. Yes.
Q. Have you ever seen any direct proof that anyone ever made a copy of a DVD as a result of having downloaded anything from 2600.com?
A. I don't recall ever seeing that.
Q. And in your conversations with the studio, has anyone ever told you that they ever saw any direct proof that anyone ever
426 downloaded source or object code from 2600.com that was used to make a copy of a movie?
A. That was not a topic of any conversation I had with the studio people.
Q. Weren't you involved --
A. So, the answer is no.
Q. Weren't you involved in copy protection? Wasn't that your issue?
A. Yes, I was involved in the development of copy protection technology in the initial licensing.
Q. Did you ever ask anybody at any studio whether or not there was one single document that indicated that anyone ever downloaded source or object code from 2600.com?
A. No.
Q. Did you ever ask anyone at any studio whether there was any proof that anyone ever made a copy of a film as a result of having downloaded object or source code from 2600.com?
A. No.
Q. Do you know of any direct proof or did anyone at the studio ever tell you or did you ever see a document that said that anyone did not buy a DVD because they saw a DeCSS deencrypted movie?
A. No.
Q. Do you have any direct proof or has anyone at the studio ever told you that any DVD, any one DVD in the United States
427 was ever not sold because someone saw a DeCSS encrypted movie on the Internet?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I would object to this whole line as being irrelevant to the issues in this case.
Moreover, if Mr. Garbus is going to continue with his questions about direct proof, maybe he ought to define what that is.
THE COURT: The witness is a lawyer.
MR. GOLD: A long time ago. Sometimes --
THE COURT: You want the standard charge on the difference between direct and circumstantial proof, Counsel?
Are you having any problem with the concept of direct proof, Ms. King?
THE WITNESS: No.
THE COURT: O.K. Overruled.
Q. Do you or anyone at the studio have any projection for the year 2000 of the loss of any DVD sales as a result of films deencrypted by DeCSS either sold on the street or transmitted on the Internet?
A. I don't. I can't speak for anyone at the studio.
Q. Is there anyone at the studio who would have that information, if such information exists?
A. I don't know of anyone that would have them.
Q. You mentioned on the direct examination a five-year plan?
A. Yes.
428
Q. Is there any word in that document that in any way relates to any anticipated loss of sales as a result of anything having to do with DeCSS specifically?
A. It is my recollection that in that documentation, under "risks," we list digital copyright protection as one of the major risks that we take as we go into the digital media. It is set up as a risk. It is not quantified.
Q. Please answer my question.
Is there anything in that document that in any way indicates that DeCSS particularly, specifically, creates any risk for the next five years?
A. No, not --
Q. Do you have a copy of that document? Pardon me.
A. Not specifically, no, it does not.
Q. Do you have a copy of that document here with you today?
A. No, I do not.
MR. GARBUS: Mr. Gold, may I see it? She testified to it on direct.
MR. GOLD: Was this a document in our document designation?
MR. GARBUS: Pardon me?
MR GOLD: Was this a document in our document designation?
MR. GARBUS: This is a document that she testified about on your question, a five-year plan, and I ask for that
429 document.
MR GOLD: Well --
THE COURT: Do you have it here, Mr. Gold? That's the first question.
MR GOLD: No.
THE COURT: No. Ask the next question.
MR. GARBUS: I ask that it be produced.
THE COURT: We will consider that later.
Q. Now, you were in court when you saw Mr. Shamos testify, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. And have you been part of the defense team in this case?
A. No.
Q. Did you file an original affidavit in this case back in January?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. And were you deposed in this case?
A. Yes, I was.
Q. Has anyone at Warner's ever asked anybody to replicate or duplicate or to make the same kind of test that Mr. Shamos made with respect to the use of DeCSS, then DiVX'ing a movie, and then sending it out over the Internet?
A. To the best of my knowledge, and I don't know everyone at Warner Brother; no.
430
Q. Can you tell me why if DeCSS is such a threat, that no one prior to the time that Mr. Shamos was asked to do this test, anyone at Warner's or anyone at the other major studios or anyone at the MPAA never made such a test?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, that --
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Did you discuss Mr. Shamos' test with him at any time prior to the time he made it?
A. No.
Q. Since you saw Mr. Shamos in court, have you requested anyone at Warner Brothers to try and replicate the test?
A. Since I saw him the day before yesterday?
Q. Yes.
A. No.
Q. To your knowledge, since Mr. Shamos performed the test about a month ago, has anyone ever asked anyone at Warner's to replicate the test?
A. Not that I know of.
Q. To your knowledge, has anyone at any of the other major studios for the last eight months since DeCSS was cracked made any attempt to replicate the test that Mr. Shamos made?
A. I have no information about the other studios in this area.
Q. Do you have any direct proof of anyone who did not go to see a movie or watch an HBO film because they had previously
431 seen a deencrypted copy of a DVD, deencrypted through DeCSS?
A. I have no direct proof.
Q. Do you know what the budget is of the MPAA to investigate piracy?
A. I can't remember off the top of my head, but I know I've been told in the past.
Q. Do you know what the budget of Warner Brothers is to investigate piracy?
A. We don't have a budget to investigate piracy. We participate through the MPAA and provide them with information. We have an intellectual property group that helps facilitate the work with the MPAA.
Q. And can you tell me if the MPA has offices in New York, in California, and in Washington, is that right?
A. I know there are offices in Washington and Los Angeles; yes.
Q. And they also have offices throughout the world?
A. I know they have offices, not in every country in the world, but I know they have offices in Europe and in other place.
Q. In Asia?
A. They have an office in Singapore.
Q. And do you know at these offices they have investigators?
A. Yes, they do.
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus, this is not a helpful line.
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MR. GARBUS: I think we could deal with it all on a stipulation. That's the stipulation I was offering before.
THE COURT: You offered five propositions for before. I think that you are now on about the 40th of the 5.
MR. GARBUS: No, no, I'm prepared to go through the --
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus, it is perfectly obvious that the studios have antipiracy efforts. They have antipiracy resources, just about every trademark holder in America does, every copyright holder, everybody knows that.
Q. Were you here when you saw Mr. Schumann talk about the logs that had been developed?
A. Yes, I was in the courtroom.
Q. And do you know what the LiViD logs are?
A. No.
Q. Do you know what the logs were that he was referring to?
A. From what I gathered in the courtroom, they were logs relating to Linux development.
Q. The people have been involved in the cracking of the DeCSS, among other things?
A. No.
Q. To your knowledge, has anyone at the MPAA or any of the major studios made any attempt at all at any time to contact any of the people who were involved in the DeCSS crack?
A. To the best of my knowledge, the studios, once they were
433 informed by the MPAA of the cracking of DeCSS spent an incredible amount of time talking together about what action they should take. We took it as a unified group through the
That was a conscious decision, and we left together immediately after we heard about it. This wasn't just something we put on the shelf. There were immediate meetings and there were many of them.
Q. Let me ask you this: To your knowledge, did anyone ever attempt to contact anyone who allegedly on the Internet is trying to sell or distribute or share a film that allegedly was deencrypted through DeCSS?
That you can answer that, I think, yes or no.
A. No, I -- no, I can't.
Q. Let me rephrase it.
Do you know the name --
MR. GARBUS: Judge, I think this is unnecessary.
THE COURT: I do, too.
Q. Do you know the name of any one person who was sharing films on the Internet who was sharing a film that has been deencrypted through DeCSS?
A. No, I don't.
Q. Have you ever seen a document from the MPAA, your studio, or any other studio that indicates that any attempt was made to learn the names of the people who allegedly claim on the
434 Internet that they have used DeCSS to deencrypt movies?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the form of the question.
THE COURT: To the form, Mr. Gold? What's wrong with the form?
MR GOLD: I thought it was compound and I didn't quite understand it myself.
THE COURT: Rephrase it, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: Can I hear the question again?
THE COURT: Go ahead.
MR. GARBUS: I can break it is down into six questions, if you want.
Q. Have you ever seen any document --
THE COURT: I do you think the sarcasm is helpful, or is that designed to provoke a reaction?
MR. GARBUS: No, no, no, no, just trying to save time.
THE COURT: Go ahead.
Q. Have you ever seen a document from the MPAA that gives you the name of any person on the Internet who allegedly is seeking to share a deencrypted movie?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever seen any document which shows any attempt made by the MPAA to learn the name of any person who allegedly
435 shares a movie allegedly deencrypted through DeCSS?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever seen a document from any studio, including yours, indicating any attempt to learn the name or the identification of any person who was allegedly sharing on the Internet DeCSS deencrypted movies?
A. When you say the identification, I do know that the MPAA looked for sites where they were posting the DeCSS code. So, I did see documents that referred to that, but not names.
Q. Now, with respect to those sites, do you know if anyone at the MPA or the studios or Warner Brothers ever made an attempt to contact any of those sites?
A. Yes.
Q. And what attempt was made to contact those sites other than 2600.com?
A. I know they sent out cease and desist letters and I don't know to the extent they sent out letters. They had some take downs and that's about all I know. I wasn't intimately involved, but I know they did that.
Q. Other than cease and desist letters, did they make any contact with by IPS server to determine the name of any individual who allegedly used DeCSS to deencrypt a movie?
A. Oh, I don't know.
Q. Do you know that IPS servers will give you that information, if requested?
436
A. I'm not familiar with that.
Q. Do you know that the technology now permits -- excuse me -- do you know that IPS servers have logs about who visits their sites?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question.
Could Mr. Garbus describe what an "IPS" is?
MR. GARBUS: Internet Service Provider. I'm sorry. I said "IPS."
THE COURT: Look, Mr. Garbus, I had this point about four months ago and whatever merit it has, it has. It's not getting any better or worse. If you want to pursue it, I'm going to give you five more minutes.
Q. Now, in your direct examination, you talked about the licensing structure. Do you recall that?
A. Yes.
Q. See if you can help me and let me just state it and you tell me if it's accurate, if that's an appropriate way to do.
The DVD CCA has licenses with the movie studios concerning CSS?
A. Not necessarily.
Q. Then why don't you describe the licensing system.
A. Well, you need to have a license with DVD CCA to put the encryption on your disks, but that license could either be taken out by the motion picture studio or it could be taken
437 out by their replicator who makes the disks.
Q. O.K. We are getting at it the same way, and it also is taken out by the hardware manufacturer?
A. Yes, it is.
Q. So that the license from DVD CCA goes to the movie studio, it goes to the replicator, and it goes to the hardware manufacturer, is that right?
A. Yes, and if there's going to be a software implementation, I would assume it goes to that party as well.
Q. So that the only people who allegedly can play DVDs or use CSS are those people who have the licenses from DVD CCA, is that right?
A. That's correct.
Q. Now, if you buy -- do you have any information -- does Warner Brothers have any information on the number of sales of DVDs to Linux users?
A. No. We don't follow that information.
Q. Do you know whether, in fact, the number of sales of DVDs have increased because they are now available for Linux users when they were not available before the DeCSS crack?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question because it assumes facts that aren't in evidence.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form.
Q. Are there any licensed Linux users?
A. I have been told that there are at least two licensed
438 Linux implementations.
Q. Do you know if there are any people using or watching DVDs on Linuxes that do not have licenses?
A. I do not know that.
Q. Has there been any investigation -- I don't know if this is the same round or a different round --
Has there been any investigation made by the MPA, your studio, any of the nine major studios over whether or not the extent to which Linux users who do not have licenses are using DVDs?
A. Linux users don't have to have licenses. Linux users just have to use an authorized implementation. So, I don't have that information.
Q. Let me ask the question another way. Linux users, of course, can have a Windows system, so they can have a Windows system so they can watch a licensed DVD, isn't that correct?
A. That is correct.
Q. And if a Linux user does not have a Windows system, then -- withdrawn.
Do you know how many sales of DVDs have been made to Linux users who do not have Windows operating systems?
A. We do not track the different types of computer operating systems that use our product.
Q. To make a DVD player, how many different licenses do you need?
439
A. I don't know.
Q. Is it more than five licenses?
A. I don't know. I thought it was just one, but I'm not familiar enough with how they're licensing now.
Q. Do you know what the cost of those licenses are?
A. The cost of the license, which is royalty free, is $10,000, from my recollection.
Q. That's for the first year?
A. Yes. I don't know. I remember $10,000.
Q. You were talking about the increased sales of DVDs, is that right, and how it's mushroomed in the market?
A. Yes.
Q. And given someone who's in this area, one would expect that the mushrooming would continue? It's a highly-profitable business, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. And it's replacing videos?
A. Yeah. I mean, it's a very complex -- excuse the word "matrix" to figure out how the business is growing. I mean, we have VHS. We have VCD in Asia. We have DVD. So, we are always analyzing what the growth is. Is DVD taking anything away from our current business? Is it incremental? It's part of our business plan.
Q. And are there any projections within Warner Brothers in your business plan indicating the decrease in videos as a
440 result of the DVD sales?
THE COURT: Asked and answered.
Q. What are those projections?
THE COURT: She said there were none.
Q. Does your five-year plan for Warner Brothers have no projections with respect to the loss of video sales as a result of the increase in the DVD market?
A. Let me see if I understand.
THE COURT: I'm sorry. The question you asked a minute ago, I misheard. You can go back to that, if you want, video versus DVD, Mr. Garbus.
A. Yes. Our projections show the, as I said before, our sales of DVD are incremental to our video sales currently. But in our projections for the future, it shows that video would decline as DVD increases.
Q. Isn't it fair to say that the expectation is within a relatively short period of time, if the audio and video market would become very small as the DVD market becomes very large?
A. No, that's not accurate.
Q. Isn't it fair to say that as time goes on, a movie will not be released on both audio and video?
A. We have no projections that show that; none.
Q. Now, do you have any projection --
THE COURT: Just a second. I mean, obviously people are not paying any attention to the words that are being used.
441
Are movies being released on "audio and video"?
THE WITNESS: No.
THE COURT: O.K. Mr. Garbus, you meant to say, "DVD and video."
That's what you expected, Ms. King, so you answered the question that he didn't ask.
Let's pay a little attention, folks.
Q. With respect to DVD and video?
A. Yes.
Q. Are there projections?
A. Certainly.
Q. And these projections show that the DVD market is increasing and as that increases, the sale of the video market will decrease, is that right?
A. Yes, to a certain extent; yes.
Q. And are there projections of when movies will be released on DVD, but will no longer be released on videos?
A. No.
Q. Have you seen any projections made by anyone other than Warner's about when video becomes fundamentally far less significant and has fewer films released on it?
A. I've seen no projections that show that we are not going to release our movies in the video cassette format which is in 99 percent of American television homes.
442
Q. And in what percentage of American television homes right now are DVDs?
A. This is an estimate. We are looking at I think 10 percent by the end of the year in the United States.
Q. And by the end of next year?
A. I don't remember.
Q. And by the end of the third year?
A. I don't remember.
Q. Now, do you recall that at the deposition we had been talking about the release of DVD audio? Do you remember that?
A. Yes.
Q. And you know that DVD audio is in the stores today?
A. I don't believe DVD audio in the sense that I think of DVD audio is in the stores today.
Q. Well, you say in the sense that you think DVD audio, is there something out there called DVD audio?
A. There's a bit of confusion about what DVD audio is.
Q. Let me ask you a question: Is there something out in the stores now that you called first DVD audio players by Panasonic and by Phillips?
A. There may be. I don't know.
Q. And DVD audio players are supposed to play DVD audio, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. And is it your testimony that there are DVD audio players
443 out for sale today, but that there is no product for the DVD audio players?
THE COURT: The witness just said she didn't know if there were DVD audio players in the store today. So, your question starts off on an erroneous premise that maybe you understand the facts right and the witness is not informed.
But let's at least listen to the answers.
444
Q. So when you say there is something out there, is there something out there called DVD audio which is used with the DVD audio players?
A. I don't know. I have been told that there is some music in the marketplace that is in what is the video audio component of DVD.
In other words, DVD video plays 5.1 surround audio which is even different from a normal CD. You can put out music in 5.1 surround which is the video standard for sound. I'm trying to make this clear. But that isn't DVD audio. DVD audio is another standard, and I don't believe that any music is in the marketplace that meets that standard yet. Although I could be wrong. That's just what I have been told.
THE COURT: That meets which standard?
THE WITNESS: That meets the new DVD audio standard. The sound on the DVD video has a certain specification. DVD audio goes beyond that specification, so it's an even added feature.
THE COURT: When you are talking about DVD audio, you are not talking about 5.1 surround, you are talking about a different standard, is that correct?
THE WITNESS: That's correct, that's what I would be talking about, yes.
THE COURT: Let's go.
445
MR. GARBUS: May I mark this as an exhibit? It hasn't been marked as an exhibit before. I can describe it or not. These are things that I purchased last night at Tower.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: We object, your Honor.
THE COURT: Where are you going with this, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: There is testimony in the record and there are affidavits in the record that DVD audio was not released because DeCSS somehow affected it and that DVD audio was going to be delayed for another year, and in fact they are out for sale now.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: It may well be, your Honor, that the DVD audio market, that the product that we are going to get into now was not on the market but this other DVD product that Ms. King described is, from her prior answers.
THE COURT: Well, I mean that's kind of an observation about what might be going on, Mr. Gold, but is there an objection, and, if so, what is it?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, we got a list of documents and I thought the way the games were played -- if they want to go out and buy some videos, they could have given them to Mr. Hernstadt last night when he was in our office and he could have given them to us, or we could have gotten some
446 notice.
The rules provide for appropriate notice, and all of your Honor's orders provided for appropriate notice.
THE COURT: I am going to sustain the objection.
MR. GOLD: Also, I don't think there is a foundation on that to that question.
THE COURT: Well, all we have had is a proposal to mark the disks. You don't need a foundation to mark a disk, but I don't see the relevance of this, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: Let me see if I can explore a little further.
Q. Do you know what water marking is?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. And was that one of the potential encryption systems that were considered for DVDs?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, is this not way beyond the subject of direct testimony? Is this not irrelevant? I object on those grounds.
MR. GARBUS: I will make an offer of proof, basically that the movie studios knew back in --
THE COURT: Before you make any offer of proof, maybe you could respond to the objection.
MR. GARBUS: I think it's relevant because I think it shows -- and I am prepared to do this at the sidebar, or if you want, I will do it from here.
447
THE COURT: Would you go ahead, please, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: That at the time that the encryption system was placed on the DVDs, they knew that the encryption system would be broken in a very, very short period of time, and they got into the study of water marking, and different groups then competed for the kind of encryption system that was available.
I think the proof will show, and it relates to the clause you read yesterday of the law, that they knew that it was not an effective device, and that since they have known about the cracking they have developed in fact other encryption codes that are superior to CSS which they can place immediately on DVDs. It may cause some difficulty in how you put it into the machine, but in fact a security system is now available and can be used now to stop any potential loss of future sales.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor --
MR. GARBUS: And you then get into a very important economic issue, namely because you are concerned about and you indicated I think that the concern is not today's damage or may be today's damage to circumstantial proof, but certainly damage tomorrow.
And what I would like to show, if we had an opportunity to do it, is that the movie studios know about it, knew about it two years ago, and have the total ability to
448 stop that damage, unlike the audio business.
THE COURT: Whatever the movie studios may have known about two years ago is first of all not within the scope of the direct and second of all not relevant.
It is not relevant because although you seem to have the view, and you are entitled to advocate it, that when the statute speaks of effective control of access to copyrighted works it should be construed to mean good or hard to crack control, that is not the way the term is defined in the statute.
Indeed, if it were so defined in the statute, it would be meaningless, the entire statute, because the definition of something that effectively would control access would mean something uncrackable if it exists, and the only occasion for envoking the statute is where something has been cracked. So, by definition any time something had been cracked, the control wouldn't have been effective.
Now, I just don't read the statute that way, and you are welcome to take that up on appeal should the occasion arise, if indeed the plaintiffs win this lawsuit.
Now, that having been said, that takes care of the past. As to threatened harm, I think that the witness has raised the question of threatened future harm on direct, and I think certainly in terms of a claim for an injunction you are entitled to some latitude to explore her claim on that.
449 That's the ruling.
Q. Isn't it a fact that since CSS was cracked, the studios have been developing other encryption systems?
A. The studio? The studio -- I'm not sure I know what you mean by other encryption systems.
Q. You know what water marking is?
A. Yes, but water marking is not the same as an encryption system, so that's why I say that. They have been working on water marking, they have been working on a system for digital transmission for a long time in both of those systems. Since CSS was cracked, you know, they have looked, they certainly have asked Matsushita Toshiba what they can do about it, if anything, and I have not heard that we have an instant or an immediate fix.
Q. Have you heard of CSS 2?
A. Yes.
Q. What is CSS 2?
A. CSS 2 is a similar encryption system to CSS that was meant to protect DVD audio.
Q. And do you know what CPPM is?
A. Yes, I believe that CPPM, to the best of my knowledge, is the encryption system that audio adopted after they disregarded CSS 2 upon being cracked in October.
Q. And when you say CPPM was adopted, that was after they
450 learned that CSS 2 would not protect audio, is that right?
A. Let me rephrase what you said. CSS 2 was a system similar to CSS. When we found out about DeCSS, the music industry decided they did not want to use CSS 2 because it was vulnerable. Therefore, they looked for another type of system to protect DVD audio, and I believe the one that they picked was CPPM, which is different than CSS 2.
Q. You have now talked about the way that the audio industry -- pardon me -- the audio industry has changed encryption systems or security systems. Tell me what attempt the movie industry has made since October to develop security systems or encryption systems. And I gather the word encryption system is not appropriate for water marking but the word security system is. Is that correct?
A. Yes.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the form of that.
THE COURT: Overruled. I think it's clear. Go ahead.
A. The studios have spent a tremendous amount of time, I know because I have been tangentially involved, in coming up with a system that is now called 5C, which is for digital transmission. It works on IEEE 1394 digital connections, and it protects the transmission from one digital device to another. That's extremely important because in the CSS license we demanded that all digital ports be turned off so
451 that product could not be transmitted. We are looking for a strong protocol now for that, and it has taken up a tremendous amount of time and resources at every single studio in that discussion.
Simultaneously with that, the studios have been working on a very difficult situation involving the choice of water marking. And water marking does not provide an encryption system. What it does is if encryption is broken or if for some reason circumvented, if you have a water mark then the copy would not play in an authorized player. So it's another system of security as well.
In addition to that, we would have loved to have chosen an immediate substitute system for DVD. However, there are going to be, you know, I'm making a guess here, 12 million DVDs in the market by December. If you put another encryption system on and you started encrypting your movies, then all of those players would be obsoleted and it's very difficult to trade in the installed base of CE players and those are just stand alone players. There is probably 20 million or more DVD ROM drives that would also be obsoleted if we were to put a noncompatible encryption system on. So the first thing we did was go to Matsushita Toshiba and say is there any way we can get a fix on this that would help us going into the future. The studios certainly have not sat on their thumbs but have put in a tremendous amount of time and resources to see what
452 they could do to fix the situation.
Q. Can you tell us, do you have any document with you here today indicating when the studios project -- the judge asked before the question putting the genie out of the bottle. DeCSS has been posted regularly since October, at least since October of 1999, is that right, to your knowledge?
A. I imagine.
Q. It has been posted regularly in November, December, January, February, March, April, May, June.
THE COURT: We all know what the intervening months are, Mr. Garbus. Another question, please.
Q. And is it fair to say that anyone who wants DeCSS or any number of people in the United States who wanted DeCSS in the last months already has had an opportunity to see it?
MR. GOLD: I object on the grounds that that calls for speculation.
THE COURT: Look, I guess it does, but the fundamental point is obvious.
A. Okay, it's available.
THE COURT: That's all right. I am sustaining the objection. There is no need to take time on it. Somebody who wants it and knows anything about the Internet knows how to get it. It's that obvious.
Q. And they have known how to get it since at least October.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, objection.
453
THE COURT: Yes. Well, no, no. I will allow that, but the witness needs to answer from her personal knowledge.
Q. From your personal knowledge, based on your involvement in the industry, since October, anyone in the United States with a computer can get a copy of DeCSS, is that true?
THE COURT: I suppose they need an Internet connection, don't they?
A. I was going to say, if they are knowledgeable about where to go and have the right connections.
Q. You say "if they are knowledgeable." If you go to Disney's search engine and you punch in DeCSS, does it tell you where to go?
A. You have to be knowledgeable in knowing what DeCSS is. I mean not everyone knows that.
Q. I see. Can you go to let's say Infoseek and punch in CSS and then gets references to DeCSS?
A. I don't know.
Q. Can you go to Infoseek or to any search engine and punch in DVD and then get CSS or DeCSS?
A. I don't know.
Q. Do you know enough about the Internet to know that the search engines, there are variable ways of getting to DeCSS without punching in DeCSS? Is that right?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
454
Q. Do you go on the Internet?
A. Rarely.
Q. Have you ever used any of the search engines to see where DeCSS is?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever gone to 2600.com?
A. No.
Q. Now, Warner permits buyers of its DVDs to play them in a DVD player no matter where they purchase the DVD player, is that correct?
A. Yes.
Q. Can Warner decide on its own to allow a company to play its DVDs without that company having a license from the
A. No, not if we have encrypted the movie.
Q. If you encrypted the movie and I created a player that could deencrypt that movie, could Warner sell that DVD to me?
A. I think that would violate the license with DVD-CCA.
MR. GARBUS: Can I have a moment, your Honor?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. Now, do any of your business plans -- and I think you have mentioned this -- in Warner Brothers take into account DeCSS? The five year plan, that you have mentioned. Does any other specifically take into account DeCSS?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I believe this has been
455 covered in prior cross.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Have you ever seen any press releases from the MPAA saying that -- let me show you Exhibit 2M.
THE COURT: M as in Michael?
MR. GARBUS: Yes. May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. Did you ever see that press release?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, we are trying to come up with a copy of this.
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus, maybe you can give counsel a copy.
MR. GOLD: We have ZM.
THE COURT: Z as in zebra, Defendants' ZM. Do you have it now, Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: Yes, ZM.
Q. Have you ever seen that press release before?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I believe -- this is a document as to which you have held it is work product.
THE COURT: What?
MR. GOLD: We have made the assertion that this is work product, this document.
THE COURT: This is one of the things that was produced under the no waiver?
MR. GOLD: Yes, your Honor.
456
MR. HERNSTADT: No, your Honor, that one wasn't. There may have been others.
THE COURT: It has a Bates number on it. You fellows ought to be able to figure this out.
MR. HERNSTADT: All the no waiver documents were stamped.
MR. SIMS: This was officially produced without a stamp, and we sent them a letter, it was privileged as they know because they have seen the other documents. It was never released as a press release and it was drafted largely by lawyers.
THE COURT: Look, Mr. Garbus, I think you are entitled to find out at a minimum whether it was ever released, because if it was there is no question of privilege. So, see if you can deal with that.
MR. GARBUS: Mr. Gold, was it ever released?
MR. GOLD: We were advised it was not released.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold is not the witness.
Q. Ms. King, do you know if it was ever released?
A. I don't think it was released.
Q. Have you ever seen any statements made by Mr. Valenti saying that the so-called CSS hack is useless?
A. Well, I may have seen this draft.
THE COURT: That's not the question. Forget the document.
457
THE WITNESS: Okay.
Q. Have you ever seen or have you ever heard Mr. Valenti say that the CSS hack is useless?
A. I don't remember that exact quote coming from Mr. Valenti.
Q. Well, in substance do you remember any quotes coming from the MPAA or any other movie studio saying fundamentally that the CSS hack is useless because the cost of making an illegal copy is too high? Just yes or no.
A. Yes.
Q. Do you recall statements by Mr. Valenti that deencrypted movies on the Internet are useless because they are not of such a greater quality?
A. No.
Q. Do you recall any statements by Mr. Valenti, lengthy talking about the difficulty of making copies through DeCSS or the CSS hack?
A. No.
Q. Now, you say you saw the draft of this document?
A. It looks familiar.
Q. When did you see the draft?
A. To the best of my recollection probably a meeting at the
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, we just asserted our work product privilege as to this document.
THE COURT: Right now he is asking whether she saw it
458 or drafted it. I'm not sure which.
MR. GOLD: The question is did she see it.
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. Did you see it?
A. I think so.
Q. And how do you know that it was not released?
A. I believe we decided not to do a press release. That's the best of my recollection.
Q. Why was that?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, that's part of the privilege.
THE COURT: Where was this decision made and by whom?
THE WITNESS: It was made by all lawyers at the MPAA, at a meeting to discuss how to handle this threat, what type of litigation should we take. It was all in the context of deciding how to respond to DeCSS in an overall context.
THE COURT: Look, it seems to me that to the extent lawyers were sitting around discussing legal matters, that's one thing. To the extent lawyers are sitting around being public relations consultants, that's another thing. So, I don't see, I don't think, Mr. Gold, any valid objection to the witness testifying.
MR. GOLD: We respectfully suggest that if it was released then the lawyers were sitting around engaging in public relations, if a decision was made not to release it, I believe the lawyers were sitting around engaging in the
459 practice of law.
THE COURT: I see. Your theory is that in substance the nonrelease embodies the legal advice they gave their client. What about that, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: I disagree.
THE COURT: I know you disagree, but is there a reason you disagree?
MR. GARBUS: I think functioning in the area of public relations and deciding what to release and what not to release, you are sitting -- well, first of all we get into who else was in the room. Put that aside.
I don't think that's a lawyer's function and that the whole question of press releases and public releases do not come within the attorney/client privilege.
In this case, where you have a great deal of public information being released by the MPAA, either with or without its lawyers, then what is out there is certainly waived, and I think that that waiver also applies to what's in there.
THE COURT: Suppose you were advising a criminal defendant who had been indicted in a case as to whether or not to issue a press release giving the defendant's version of the facts and coming to the conclusion that the government was all wet in indicting him. Do you think that's legal advice?
MR. GARBUS: I think a criminal situation like that is totally different.
460
THE COURT: Could you just answer the question I put to you?
MR. GARBUS: I can't. I just think it's so different. I think here you have a series of -- I think we can agree in this case that there had been a series of press releases.
Let me move on to the next exhibit.
THE COURT: All right.
Q. Let me show you Exhibit RK.
MR. GARBUS: May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. Is that your name at the top of that document?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, may we just wait until we can -- are we dealing with RV?
THE COURT: No, K as in knight.
MR. GOLD: Thank you, your Honor.
THE COURT: Go ahead, Mr. Garbus, please.
Q. Have you ever seen that document which is the first page? It says to Marsha King.
A. Well, I believe so.
Q. And is Dean Marks at the MPAA?
A. No, he isn't.
Q. Where is he?
A. Dean Marks is with Time Warner.
Q. John Schulman?
461
A. Warner Brothers.
Q. Ed Weiss?
A. Time Warner.
Q. Jeremy Williams?
A. Warner Brothers.
Q. Bernard Sorkin?
A. Time Warner.
Q. Now look at the next page. Do you see a quote in the fourth paragraph from James Cardwell?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Who is James Cardwell?
A. James Cardwell is the executive vice president of North American, Australia, New Zealand for Warner Home Video.
Q. Looking at that document, does this refresh your recollection that Mr. Cardwell told CNN --
THE COURT: Now, just a minute, Mr. Garbus. She hasn't said that her recollection needed refreshing, first of all, so there is no foundation for the question.
Secondly, you know perfectly well that this is hearsay. If it was offered against you, you would have objected to it strenuously. If you want to ask a question in an unsensational fashion, I think you know how.
Q. Do you know if Mr. Cardwell ever made a statement on behalf of Warner with respect to his expectation that the CSS code would be broken?
462
A. I was shown this article. I was not there.
Q. Did you ever have a conversation with Mr. Cardwell -- wasn't it the position of Warner Brothers they had expected the source code to be broken, that you weren't surprised it was broken and you believed there was no economic incentive to hacking the product? Wasn't that the Warner Brothers position?
MR. GOLD: I object to the form of that question.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form.
Q. Did anybody to your knowledge at Warner Brothers ever say we expected the source code to be broken?
A. I don't remember anyone actually saying that, but it could have been said.
Q. And what did they say, if not exactly that, what your expectation was --
Q. -- with respect to the breaking of the code?
A. It's difficult. We didn't have a joint expectation with respect to the code. We always knew that with any code there was a possibility it could be hacked.
Q. And to your knowledge, did anyone at Warner -- by the way, after you saw this document, did you at any time speak to anyone at Warner Brothers to determine whether or not Cardwell had said that?
A. Yes, I did.
463
Q. Who did you speak to?
A. Mr. Cardwell.
Q. What did he say?
A. He said he didn't remember those exact words but he could have said it.
Q. And when did you speak to Mr. Cardwell?
A. The day that I saw this article or saw something similar to this article.
Q. And if he didn't remember the exact words, did he tell you what he did say?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object on hearsay grounds.
THE COURT: Mr. Cardwell? Overruled.
A. No.
Q. Isn't it true -- by the way, this article is back in January 13 of the year 2000. Did you ever ask him when they expected the source code to be broken?
A. No, I didn't.
Q. Did you ever ask anybody at Warner Brothers when they expected the source code to be broken?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I don't understand so far as it relates to source code.
THE COURT: I think that point is well taken, but, you know, the witness can answer if she can.
A. I don't know the answer to that. We didn't have a Warner
464 expectation.
THE COURT: Does the concept of breaking a source code have any meaning to you, Ms. King?
THE WITNESS: No. The way I'm thinking of it, I guess is breaking the encryption.
THE COURT: Proceed.
Q. Did he ever tell you that we expected CSS to be broken?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, hasn't that been asked and answered twice and ruled on, my objection?
THE COURT: I think so. Sustained. It's cumulative.
Q. And did you ask him about the sentence, we were surprised it wasn't broken earlier, what he meant by that?
A. No, that's not what I asked him.
Q. What did you ask?
A. I asked him if he had said this.
Q. And he said he had said it substantially, is that right?
A. He said he couldn't remember but it could have been said.
Q. Now, when you asked him that, who else asked him? Who was in the room when that question was asked of him?
A. Warren Lieberfarb.
Q. And who is he?
A. He is the president of Warner Home Video.
Q. And did Mr. Lieberfarb say anything at that meeting?
A. No.
Q. Tell me how that meeting came about.
465
A. It came about because I had been at an MPAA meeting and they had shown me this very same piece of information and asked me if I could find out about it. When I got back to the office, they were in a meeting together, and so I went in there and showed it to Jim, asked them if I could interrupt, and I did.
Q. And after Mr. Cardwell said whatever he said, what then happened?
A. Excuse me?
Q. Tell me what happened in the room.
A. Well, I asked him if he had said that, and, you know, he said he didn't exactly remember but he could have, and I said okay, and then I left basically.
Q. And did Mr. Lieberfarb say anything?
A. I don't remember him saying anything.
Q. Did you show him this article when you asked him if he said that?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. And do you know where that article comes from?
A. No. I think I showed him this or something similar to this, but it was a similar quote.
MR. GARBUS: I offer the document into evidence. It's an exception to the hearsay rule. It come in as an exception because it explains a course of conduct that is ultimately taken, namely litigation here. January 13 is the
466 date of the lawsuit here and of course there is the litigation before in December. And I think that all of these documents come in, and we have several others, as an exception to the hearsay rule because it shows exactly what Warner Brothers was doing to deal with this particular problem. I offer it in evidence.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, this document, as is apparent from the cross-examination of the witness, is offered for the truth of the material contained therein, and I believe it's clearly hearsay.
MR. GARBUS: I also believe that even the way the witness testifies to it, assuming it's of any significance, that it's an admission of a party.
MR. GOLD: Not this, your Honor.
THE COURT: Well, there is a double hearsay problem with that, Mr. Garbus, and the double hearsay problem is that if you had somebody testifying on personal knowledge to what Mr. Cardwell said, that would be an admission. But what you have is a newspaper reporter saying that Mr. Cardwell told him something, and that's the link, that is the double hearsay problem.
Nonetheless, it seems to me that so much of RK as consists on the cover sheet, and the sentence on the second page purporting to quote Mr. Cardwell, the whole purported quote from Mr. Cardwell comes in for what it's worth in light
467 of Mr. Cardwell's direct admission to the witness that he could have said it and whatever else she said he said. I think it is close enough that there is a foundation on which I could find that it was an adoption by the witness of the statement, and so it comes in on that basis and to that extent.
THE COURT: I meant to say an adoption by Mr. Cardwell, not an adoption by the witness.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, can we take our morning break now?
THE COURT: All right. 15 minutes.
MR. ATLAS: Before we go on the lunch break if we. could just figure out the scheduling for the next couple of days. We are just trying to tell our witnesses with some precision when they are going to be called. It would take maybe five minutes. I think we are hoping to look for something like a Friday to begin our case. If that's okay with the Court and if that's okay with the other side, we can get our witnesses lined up.
THE COURT: We will talk about it later.
Mr. Gold, remind me, is there a claim for declaratory relief in this case? Do you want to go back and check? All right.
Mr. Garbus, you may proceed.
468 CROSS-EXAMINATION Continued
Q. Ms. King, I'm going to try and pick up where Mr. Gold began examination and I'll try and do it quickly so we can finish before lunch.
When did you start at Warner Home Video?
A. Beginning of March 1990.
Q. And when did you start begin working on DVD?
A. We didn't call it DVD, but I did some work on that during the year 1990.
Q. What did you then call it?
A. We called it movie on a disk.
Q. And at some point does that get called DVD or whatever that predecessor was?
A. Then it was called Taz and then it was called DVD.
Q. And about when was it called DVD?
A. '96, it had been called SD as well.
Q. And at the very beginning of these conversations, was there a concern about a security system for whatever was called that was going to be released the movie on a disk?
A. Well, when it was just an idea, there wasn't a security system.
Q. When did it go beyond being just an idea?
A. Well, when it was coming into being reality and the studio started meeting, we talked about a security system. I believe
469 that was around 1995.
Q. So that the first time --
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, if I may, this line of questioning that goes back in time, back before 1996 when this was released and on into the early '90s hasn't got any relevance to this case whatsoever.
THE COURT: Well, look, you know why Mr. Garbus wants to go into it and Mr. Garbus knows why he wants to go into it and it hasn't got much to do with the issues in the case and I know why he wants to go into it. He's trying to do some discovery for another purpose.
MR GOLD: Yes, your Honor.
MR. GARBUS: No, I'm not. I'll skip it. That's not the point.
THE COURT: Pardon me?
MR. GARBUS: That's absolutely not the point and I'll skip it. I'll start with 1996. That has nothing to do -- I see what's implied and it has nothing to do with that at all. I don't know when it started. I don't know when they thought of security systems.
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus, relax. There was something else I was going to say on that subject, but in light of your representation that that's not what it's all about and you will skip it, I will accept the representation that we will go on.
470
Q. Now --
THE COURT: If you want to press it, then we will deal with it.
Q. Now, when you started working on what we call DVD, let's say 1995, and don't tell me anything about before 1995, was that when the name DVD first came in or was it '96?
A. I can't exactly remember when the name DVD came in. The two competing optical disk formats were converged I believe in September of '95.
DVD as a name, since there was a convergence of two standards, one called SD and one called MMCD came in after that. So, it was either late '95 or early '96.
Q. And when for the first time after January 1, 1995 did they start discussing encryption systems or security systems?
A. I can't -- I can't remember the initial date and I've been given nothing to refresh my memory. I could find it, I'm sure, in my files.
But around that time in '95, the motion picture companies started discussing legislation. Originally it was a legislative proposal between consumer electronics and the motion picture industry to protect their product in the digital domain.
Q. And tell me just a little about those conversations?
A. Those conversations were -- originally we looked at the Audio Home Recording Rights Act where they had a big stream
471 which had to be recognized. We were looking at legislation similar to that, however, you wouldn't be able to make a copy as you are under the Recording Home Rights Act.
The issue was: Do we need the computer industry in the room? We certainly at Warner said we did. Other studios said we did, Disney included. When we finally came up with some proposed legislation and brought the IT industry into the room, we stopped the legislation and sat down and started from scratch on a new security idea that that would be acceptable by the computer industry along with a new type of legislation to protect us.
Q. And the people --
THE COURT: Excuse me a minute, Mr. Garbus.
Are you able to say from your own knowledge whether Warner was working on encryption prior to January of 1995?
THE WITNESS: No, we weren't.
THE COURT: Proceed.
Q. Now, with respect to, instead of encryption, how about the word -- since the judge asked the question -- how about security system? Was there any concern prior to '95 expressed about security for the videos -- pardon me -- for the movies that were -- could be released?
A. I don't remember that being a topic that I participated in.
Q. You say you don't remember being a topic that you
472 participated?
A. We were trying to come up -- we had a certain window of opportunity, we felt, in the video industry, at least at Warner Brothers, and we were part -- we were a large part of the development of DVD.
We wanted to get this hard copy consumer product into the market before high definition television and before video on demand was widely available. We wanted to get consumer acceptance and we knew we had a limited window of opportunity. So, before you can think about security, you have to think about having a product and we were immersed in developing the product.
Q. Now, one of the issues with the AHRA, do you know what that stands for?
A. The Audio Home Recording Rights Act.
Q. Yes, and that's 1992?
A. I don't know the date.
Q. One of the issues there was the question of security for audio recordings, is that right?
A. That's how I understand it.
Q. So, everybody understood after 1992 that you had to have some kind of security system for any product that was released into the market?
A. That's right.
MR. GOLD: I object to the form of the question, your
473 Honor.
THE COURT: Yes, look, this is now enough, Mr. Garbus. I have an affirmative obligation that I recognize. As far as I'm concerned, I have discharged it. You can now proceed and handle this case.
MR. GARBUS: Thank you.
Q. Now --
MR. GARBUS: Can we just approach the bench for a moment, your Honor?
THE COURT: I'm sorry?
MR. GARBUS: Can we approach the bench for a moment?
THE COURT: Yes.
MR. GARBUS: I'm not going to pursue this line of inquiry any further. It seems perfectly obvious to me that even before the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 that anyone who was thinking of releasing any product into the consumer market was extraordinarily concerned about security.
What this witness has just answered is, and I don't remember her question and answer, that you were not going to have a product released, she just gave a "yes" to my last question. I'm not going to state it here and I'm not going to go any further with it, but it's inconceivable to me -- I won't say what's inconceivable to me.
MR GOLD: Your Honor, the witness has testified that
474 Warner had made the decision that they were not going to release DVDs unless there was an encryption system that they felt good about. She also testified that at the meeting, she went to in the industry, she heard and knew that the other studios felt the same way.
THE COURT: Look, I don't have to hear all of that. This is exceptionally simple. The only reason I raise the question is because quite apart from what the parties have raised, I have an independent obligation under Section 455(b)(2) of the Code to disqualify myself if it appears that someone with whom I practiced law at the time I did so was engaged by a party "concerning the matter."
It is a subject in the context of this case on which I have no knowledge of my own. I am entirely at the mercy of what the parties put before me. I don't know that I had. An obligation extending so far as to ask the question that I did, but I now have before me the witness' deposition testimony. I have what she said here.
I have the affidavits that were put before me on the motion. And the issue is, as far as I'm concerned, closed absent new evidence. I do not view this trial as a discovery proceeding for the purpose of conducting an expedition in search of that new evidence. Obviously, if there is such evidence and it requires my disqualification, I will readily do so, but I haven't seen it and what we are here to try now
475 is this case.
MR. GARBUS: So, can I understand something? So, then I should not continue the line of questioning leading from the AHRA of '92 up to '95 and '96?
THE COURT: I can't make abstract rulings like that. I believe that I said in my opinion, Mr. Garbus, that one reasonably might infer, although I don't have the text in front of me, that somebody probably thought about security at some earlier point, but somebody thinking about security and my partner, former partner, having been engaged with respect to security, if indeed that would be enough, which I express no view on right now, in the period prior to August 22, 1994 is a whole other matter.
MR. GARBUS: Thank you.
Q. Any question that I ask you now, I want to direct, whether I state it or not, to only after January 1, 1995; is that clear?
A. Yes.
Q. Now, at the time these various groups were meeting, was it all of the movie studio -- the representatives of all of the movie studios?
A. All of the MPAA members participated in the discussions on copy protection.
476
Q. And who else, if anyone?
A. We met separately and we met with the Consumer Electronics Manufacturing Association in the United States.
Q. And who was that? Those are the people who make --
A. Those are the major consumer electronics companies, Sony, Phillips, Toshiba, Matsushita Electronics, Incorporated, I believe, the major players.
Q. Let me just see if I can, and correct me if I'm wrong: One group of people, the people who make the movies, the other group of people are the people, if the movies have been released, make the hardware to play the consumer products, is that right?
A. That's correct. They were consumer electronics companies.
Q. And then what happened as to these discussions? Was there ever a discussion of licensing of this product?
A. No, this was prior to CSS. There was discussion of legislation. That's what it basically was all about. And like I said, when we came out with a draft legislative proposal, the computer industry rejected it and we started leading with the computer industry.
Q. And tell me just in short substance about those conversations.
A. Well, in short, the computer industry said, unlike in the Audio Home Recording Rights Act, they did not want their general purpose computers to be subject to legislation and
477 regulation. However --
Q. Why not?
A. Because that would mean they have to change the structure of all their computers.
Q. Why?
A. Because we were saying, computers -- we were saying that everyone had to put in a certain bit, anything that could record and they didn't want to be subject to that legislation.
And Microsoft, for example, said it was religious with them not to be subject to that type of legislation, but all the computer companies felt strongly.
So, we sat and met with them and listened to their proposal about a way that could be a good situation for everyone involved. It was unprecedented that three major industries got together to talk about a way to be able to distribute to the consumer the highest quality of product, even in the computer environment, but yet to be protected. So, we sat down with the --
Q. Excuse me. So, the three major industries are the recording industry, the motion picture industry, and the computer companies?
A. Well, when you say, "recording industry," the consumer electronic industry. It's not the music industry.
So, we sat down. We had groups of engineers working and we had policy people talking about legislation and we
478 had -- we set up a group called the Copy Protection Technical Working Group, which was open to the public. And the meetings were announced, and what the computer industry said was, if you were to encrypt your product, if you were to scramble it, then we in the computer industry could decide whether or not we wanted our computers to have that feature on it.
If we didn't, we'd just go ahead and make our computers, however, we want, and if we do want that feature on it, then since it's encrypted, we go and get a license and then we are subject to the rules within the license.
And in addition, we talked about the third prong. It was a three-pronged regime that we came up with in all these groups. One was technology, whether it be encryption or water marking or digital transmission, but technology, the use of new technology that we in the motion picture industry had to embrace new technology as a way to protect our films and to use our films. I mean, if you want to have digital films, we are using digital technology.
Secondly, that with that technology comes responsibility and licensing. So, if you want to show our movies, you need to make a deal with us that if you have the keys to unlock our house and look at our crown jewels, that when you leave, you're going to lock it up, O.K., so it can't be sent everywhere. That was the second piece.
Then the third piece was, well, if you have the keys
479 to unlock our house, and you don't lock it up or you break the window and get inside, then we need legislation to protect someone who is stealing the keys and using it illegally. So, it was a three-pronged regime that we came up in those multi-industry negotiations. They took a long time.
Q. This is 1995, 1996?
A. This is 9996, at least.
Q. 1996, at least?
THE COURT: "1996, at least" meaning when?
THE WITNESS: Meaning it wasn't prior to 1996.
THE COURT: Thank you.
Q. And go on. Continue.
THE COURT: What's the question?
THE WITNESS: Yeah.
MR. GARBUS: Pardon me?
THE COURT: What's the question?
Q. After you started to recognize the need for legislation, what did the movie industry do? What did the consumer electronics industry do?
A. Well, our first focus was -- although legislation was always part of the three-pronged approach, our first focus was on the technology.
The consumer electronics and computer industries wanted to bring this product to market. They thought it was a good product. We thought it was -- we at Warner Brothers
480 thought it was a great product. So, the first phase we went through it with was how are we going to protect the product and, therefore, we were looking at technologies to encrypt.
Q. And when you say -- and then what happened?
A. And then we adopted CSS.
Q. Were any consumers rights groups involved in any of these tri-industry discussions?
A. I know that the Home Recording Rights Coalition representatives were at all of these meetings. So, I mean there were consumer advocate groups at the meetings; yes.
Q. And then what happened? In other words, the technology moves apace, the attempts for legislation move apace, is that right?
A. We finalize the technology in mid-to-late '96 and I think simultaneously with finalizing the technology, we were working on the licensing agreements and I don't remember the exact timing. I just know when Warner released its product at that point and we did not release until we had the ability to encrypt it.
MR. GARBUS: Now, excuse me. Can I hear the last answer, please?
THE WITNESS: We did not release our product until we had the ability to encrypt it.
Q. And when was that?
A. In the United States, it was March of 1997.
481
Q. Now, prior to that time, had a licensing scheme been worked out?
A. I can't give you exact specifics, but there were intense negotiations on the licensing scheme.
Q. And did you play a part in that?
A. I attended quite a bit of those discussions, many of those discussions.
Q. And are you familiar with licenses that are now used?
A. I was at one time. I hadn't seen them in two to three years, I would guess.
Q. Let me show you Defendant's --
MR. GARBUS: May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: You may.
Q. Defendant's Exhibit AJB. Now, this is one of the documents that I'm not quite clear about. Before I ask questions about it --
THE COURT: Is it the part in Japanese we are going to focus on? Maybe Judge Shinoda can help us.
MR. GARBUS: It's the part that says "highly confidential."
THE COURT: Mr. Gold, what are we doing here? What's the problem? I see it's not Mr. Gold's documents, it's a non-party document.
MR. GARBUS: Yes, it's a document of DVD-CCA.
THE COURT: Right.
482
MR. GARBUS: But their interests are sufficiently similar.
MR GOLD: Well, this is a -- I see, as your Honor does, that it's the DVD-CCA has hacked this highly confidential attorney's eyes only and although we had -- we attended the deposition in this case, Mr. Hoy, who is with the DVD-CCA, I'm afraid I don't know why the DVD-CCA has marked it "confidential; attorney's eyes only."
THE COURT: Without discussing the terms of the document, which is a license agreement, Mr. Garbus, can you give me a clue without breaching the confidentiality on the public record where you are going with this?
MR. GARBUS: Just to show that the license exists, the terms of it. It relates to the antitrust argument.
THE COURT: I don't know that you have made any antitrust arguments, sir.
MR. GARBUS: We have in our answer.
THE COURT: And it is what? That the DVD, the DMCA violates the antitrust laws?
MR. GARBUS: No, that wasn't the argument.
THE COURT: What is the argument?
MR. GARBUS: The argument is that structure of this licensing agreement, namely, that the only people that can play like DVDs are people who are also signatories to the DVD-CCA license agreement. That thereby excludes people like
483 Linux and that that is anticompetitive and that's the same argument that was made successfully in the Sega case and in the Connectix case and whether or not the DMCA overrules that or not is an issue that this Court is going to decide.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, we have --
MR. GARBUS: That was indicated affirmatively in the answer.
MR GOLD: Every person can get a license from the DVD if they pay money and require it and if they sign the license agreement. I know there are two Linux groups that have.
THE COURT: We heard all that. Let's talk about this, what we are doing with this document.
MR. GARBUS: I'm prepared just to offer the document into evidence without getting into any further -- other than if I can just address your attention to page A-1 and I'm prepared to do that at the bench.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, one has to lay a foundation for the document.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold, are you really telling me you don't know if this is a real document at this point?
MR GOLD: I don't know if the witness can tell me if it's real document.
THE COURT: I don't know that either, but you are trying the case. Presumably you know whether this is for real or not.
484
MR. GARBUS: It comes out of the file of the DVD-CCA. They have three.
THE COURT: I understand that, but we don't have a DVD-CCA witness here.
MR GOLD: I don't know as I stand here if this is a license that the motion picture companies have.
THE COURT: I would be tremendously surprised if the two of you, perhaps even involving a conference call with the lawyer for the DVD-CCA can't by the end of the day stipulate to as to whether this is authentic or not.
Now, assuming it is authentic and it is what it purports to be, is there any objection to its being received in evidence, Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: I think it's irrelevant to the case, your Honor.
THE COURT: Beyond that?
MR. GOLD: No, your Honor.
THE COURT: O.K. I'm going to assume for present purposes that it is authentic. I'm going to receive it subject to a motion to strike, if somebody can demonstrate to me that there's a real issue as to authenticity and the exhibit, just to be clear, is subject to the confidentiality order in this case. It is going to be under seal.
Now, that's so long as there's no application to open it. And if there's an application to open it, obviously the
485 DVD-CCA whose interests are those that are involved has to be given notice of the application.
MR. GARBUS: I would just ask, as I mentioned before, page A-1. I would just ask the question and I don't care whether the question is answered by this witness in open court or Mr. Gold, and I can stipulate to the answer, but I'll just ask the question which I don't think creates an issue, namely, how many separate licenses are issued by the CSS in order to allow -- in other words, to which part as we talked about before, movie studios, replicators and hardware manufacturers, how many different kinds of licenses are issued to control the entire process.
If you know that, fine. Don't look at the document. Do you know that?
A. I just looked at the document, but I certainly didn't know before I looked, I didn't remember.
MR. GARBUS: Perhaps Mr. Gold and I can discuss that.
THE COURT: I hope so.
Q. Now, before you mentioned the Home Recording Rights Coalition, that's funded by the consumer electronics industry?
A. I believe so. I don't really know.
Q. Now, picking up on your narrative, if I can remember where it was, when does the DVD-CCA come into existence, if you know?
A. I wasn't participating in these meetings any longer when
486 they came into existence, so I believe it's been in existence around a year.
Q. And let me, just getting away from the contracts, see if I can understand something. If I go into Tower and buy a Warner Brother DVD, give me the name of a film that Warner Brothers makes so we can make it more specific.
THE COURT: It would have to have Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan.
A. "Matrix." "You've Got Mail"; it's our movie.
MR. GARBUS: We'll use the judge's movie.
Q. "Sleepless In Seattle"?
A. Not our movie.
Q. Sorry. "You've Got Mail." If I go in, am I authorized by Warner Brothers from whom I buy it to look at that DVD?
A. Sure.
Q. Am I authorized by Warner Brothers to -- with respect to that DVD to somehow break it down so that I can look at it in my video box?
THE COURT: What's a video box? What do you mean by that?
MR. GARBUS: Video player.
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Am I authorized by Warner Brothers to make a copy of that
487
A. No.
Q. Am I authorized by Warner Brothers to take that DVD to an unauthorized player, one that does not have a contract with the DVD-CCA?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I cannot understand the relevance of this line. He may be planning other lawsuits, but I don't understand the relevance to this one.
THE COURT: Look, Mr. Garbus, it seems to me that what this is beginning to sound like is the start of a debate between you and the witness about what the Copyright Act permits the buyer of a copyrighted work to do with it.
If that's what it is, that's a debate that you and Mr. Gold will have and I will decide. It's a legal question. And it's not a matter for testimony. If it's something else, I don't perceive what it might be.
MR. GARBUS: It's not a debate. I just want to find out the facts as Warner Brothers understands it.
THE COURT: So, you want Warner Brothers' understanding of what the Copyright Act provides?
MR. GARBUS: No. I want to know, she stands there on behalf of Warner Brothers. And I want to know if I can whether as she -- in my contract, if you will, when I buy this from Tower, can I play this on any player, anywhere, anywhere in the world? That's what I want to know.
THE COURT: The objection is sustained.
488
The law is what it is. And arguing with the witness about it, even in an entirely amicable way is not an appropriate part of this trial.
MR. GARBUS: Well, it seems to me, and I'm not going to press it, and I say this amicably that it's a way of getting at least the facts in with respect to -- unless we can stipulate.
THE COURT: But the facts are perfectly obvious. There is no contract between Warner and the ultimate consumer. Warner sells the disks to whomever they sell them to. Tower buys them from somebody.
Tower then sells the disk to you or to whomever else and whatever rights you acquire beyond the naked ownership of the project, the hunk of plastic that constitutes the disk is a function of the Copyright Act and the DMCA and whatever other legislation is appropriate.
MR. GARBUS: Excuse me.
THE COURT: It's not a factual matter.
Q. What is the public position that Warner has taken with respect to whether or not one can make copies of DVDs for personal use?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I think that's been asked and answered already.
489
THE COURT: I don't remember it. Overruled.
A. You can't make a copy.
Q. Now, if I buy a DVD in New York, can I play it -- a Warner DVD in New York, can I play it in France?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question.
THE COURT: Why is it relevant, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: The answer is "I can't."
THE COURT: The answer is you can't explain why?
MR. GARBUS: No, the answer is "I cannot." In other words, I can buy a Warner disk on a licensed player for a licensed player. If that licensed player is in Europe rather than in the United States, I can't play the disk, and that's the fact I was trying to get at.
So, Warner Brothers is selling me a disk because of the licensing agreements that I can only use in certain areas.
THE COURT: Well, look, Mr. Gold --
MR GOLD: Again, your Honor, it's irrelevant to this case.
THE COURT: I have heard no explanation to the relevance and I also think, though I know what you are driving at, Mr. Garbus, that you haven't even stated it accurately.
Certainly as I understand the facts, if you have a DVD player that you purchased here in the United States and a DVD that you purchased here in the United States and you took both to France and plugged the transformer into the wall to
490 convert the current so that your DVD player didn't explode when you plugged it in, you could play it.
MR. GARBUS: That's correct.
THE COURT: I still haven't heard an explanation of why this is relevant.
MR. GARBUS: It seems to me, again, it goes to the antitrust issue. But I'll move on.
THE COURT: Go ahead.
Q. I think that the DMCA has a section on authorization and what authorization means and the question then is when Warner "authorizes" the buyer of its DVDs, the question is what are the limitations in that authorization?
You may say that's just a question of law. I think we can all agree fundamentally as to the facts and let me just state what I understand the facts to be. The facts as I understand it -- let me ask you a question. This a better way to do it:
Q. Ms. King, the DVD-CCA consortium requires every maker of a DVD player that wants to play a DVD to sign a license, is that right?
A. That's correct.
MR GOLD: Your Honor, again, this is part of the very same irrelevant line of questioning.
THE COURT: Overruled, for the moment.
Q. And the CSS licensing technologist includes, does it not,
491 restrictions on what features a DVD player can offer to the public?
A. To the best of my recollection, that's right.
Q. Is there anything so that without that CSS licensing technology, you couldn't have a DVD player that plays a DVD that can do things that the license would not otherwise restrict it to?
MR. GOLD: Objection as to form, your Honor.
THE COURT: I don't understand the question, Mr. Garbus. Sustained as to form.
Q. So that if you had a DVD player that could play a DVD, it is the license that restricts what that DVD player can do, is that right?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, again, I object as to form and irrelevance.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form, at least.
Q. Let me put it this way: If you previously said, and you correct me if I'm wrong, that the CSS license and technology includes restrictions on what features a DVD player can offer to the public, is that right?
A. Well, that's putting it a bit more broadly. It has certain --
MR. GARBUS: We are getting into areas now that concern me because of the confidential nature of the document and I'm not sure --
492
THE COURT: Look, the document speaks for itself. Whatever it says, it says.
Q. So that --
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I believe that Mr. Garbus needs to wait for the witness to finish speaking before he makes a speech about why he's asking the question.
THE COURT: Look, Mr. Gold that's not helpful. Thank you. Next question?
Q. So, with Time Warner music, you can make personal copies of the music, but with respect to Time Warner movies, you cannot make personal copies, is that right?
A. Time Warner --
MR GOLD: If I may, I object to that question because I believe it calls for a legal conclusion.
THE COURT: Objection sustained.
It's also argumentative. There are two different statutes, two different technologies.
Q. Do you know -- is Warner Brothers as a result of the DeCSS making any plans to stop releasing DVDs?
A. Not that I know of.
Q. And with respect to the various security systems and encryption systems, do you have any idea when they can be put into place?
A. It's my understanding currently that with respect to digital transmission protocols that we are very close. With
493 respect to water marking, that although there has been some delay due to a conflict between two different proposals, that they're working on blending the proposals so we can have a water marking solution, and I'm not familiar with the status of any upgrade for CSS. I know there were discussions, but I don't know the results.
Q. Now, you say with respect to digital transmission, they're very close. Can you tell me what that means?
A. In the CSS license, if you took a CSS license, you weren't allowed to transmit the materials out of a digital port until there was proper copy protection. There is a group called 5C; "5C" stands for five companies, the leader of which -- the leaders of which are IBM and Hitachi -- not IBM, excuse me -- Intel and Hitachi. I've got this confused -- let me go back.
In 5C, Intel, Matsushita, Toshiba, Sony and one other company, I don't remember, have come up with a protocol and they have been negotiating with the motion picture industry on how this would work for some time and I believe they're getting very close.
THE COURT: Close to what?
THE WITNESS: To finalizing an agreement so that the digital ports can be opened up with a certain encryption protection so that materials can be transmitted from one digital media to another.
Q. And when you say, "very close," we talked about this month
494 or next month?
A. Well, it's always hard to predict these things. I know there was a meeting last week and they've been working on this for an extremely long time, probably a year.
THE COURT: This meeting is not at Camp David; is it?
THE WITNESS: It's equally as contentious, I think. I know that it's a drawn-out process. My estimate would be within the next couple of months, it will be finalized.
We have real time frames to do this in, because if this protocol is going to have significant meaning to this industry, we need to have it in things in set top boxes and I don't pretend to be an expert in this area, but I know the studios and the MPAA have been working with the FCC and with the cable industry to try to make an overall protocol where our content is protected.
So, I know there are real time frames that are set by the Federal Government in this regard as well.
Q. So, the only thing -- the technology is there, is that right?
A. The technology, I believe, is there; yes.
Q. And the technology has been there for how long?
A. I don't know.
Q. A year?
A. They're constantly working on the technology and I wouldn't want to speculate. I don't know.
495
Q. For the reason that it hasn't yet become operative is because the business negotiations surrounding that technology have not yet concluded, is that right?
A. That's right. It's a very complicated negotiation.
Q. And what would be the effect of that digital technology with respect to the security for DVDs?
A. Well, it would protect our product when it's transmitted from one digital domain to another.
Q. And had there been an agreement between the parties on the economics, this could have been done a year ago, is that right?
MR. GOLD: I object to the question.
A. Excuse me. It has nothing --
MR. GOLD: I object to the question, your Honor; calling for speculation.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Do you have -- have you ever seen any documents concerning this digital technology and when it first became operative?
A. I don't remember seeing those documents. I came into these negotiations, again -- I left the multi-industry negotiations. They were turned over to Dean Marks a couple of years ago, who works for Time Warner.
I started participating again in an effort to speed up the process around October or November of last year. So, I have been there on an as-needed basis since then.
496
Q. So, as I understand it, and if I'm wrong, correct me because I'm less technical than you are, that this particular technology would stop the transmission, let's say, of a movie, a DVD movie over the Internet, is that right?
A. I don't want to characterize the technology. I just don't know and I don't -- I don't want to speculate.
Q. Let me ask you a question: Hasn't there been a technology that has been available for a year that stops the transmission of DeCSS deconstructed movies over the Internet?
A. I have no knowledge.
MR GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question.
THE COURT: The witness doesn't know.
Q. Who would know at Warner Brothers?
MR GOLD: On top of that, your Honor, this is getting to the robustness and effective issue again and I think that --
THE COURT: It goes to the threat of irreparable injury, too.
MR GOLD: What's that, sir?
THE COURT: It's going to the threat of irreparable injury, too.
MR. GARBUS: I'd like to go to the bench on this, if I may, so I'm not saying it before the public.
THE COURT: No. Go ahead.
MR. GARBUS: Pardon me?
497
THE COURT: Say what you have to say.
MR. GARBUS: It also shows that a year ago, they knew of the problem. They could have stopped it, and that they couldn't work out their business arrangements with respect to it.
THE COURT: That may be your contention, but it certainly doesn't show that.
MR. GARBUS: That's what we are going to try and prove and that's what we tried to prove through discovery which we never finished.
THE COURT: I'm not rising to that fish on the surface either.
Q. Now, Ms. King, tell me who at Warner Brothers knows about this digital technology?
MR GOLD: Which digital technology?
Q. How about a Mr. Cookson, do you know that name?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Has Mr. Cookson ever been deposed in this case, to your knowledge?
A. I don't believe he has.
Q. Who is Mr. Cookson?
A. He's an executive vice-president and chief technology officer for Warner Brothers.
Q. And where is he located?
A. In Burbank, California.
498
Q. And is he the person at Warner Brothers who would be most familiar with this digital transmission technology?
A. Yes.
Q. How long -- and what is his background?
A. He's an engineer.
Q. How long has he been working on it?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, if I may object to this line of questioning about depositions and what they've been able to take.
They never asked for the deposition of this gentleman, although they knew his name and title for a long time, they never asked.
THE COURT: O.K.
Q. Are there any documents, to your knowledge, at Warner Brothers that deal with the digital transmission technology?
MR GOLD: I object to the form of the question, your Honor.
THE COURT: Look, Mr. Garbus, what's the difference? One of the points you have spent a good deal of time trying to make is that CSS was only as good as whatever period of time it would take somebody to crack it. Presumably that is true of this technology, just like the Japanese naval codes in the war, with all due respect to my colleague, just like our own codes that other people are reading. Life is that. Nothing is perfect.
499
MR. GARBUS: I can only deal with this case and in this case, I believe the evidence is clear that they could have stopped if they had wanted without changing -- I won't argue it because it's obvious -- and that goes to the question of harm and it goes to the other legal questions.
THE COURT: Look, if I understand you correctly, the net of your position is that people are free, notwithstanding an act of Congress, to circumvent technological measures because there's always another technological measure that could be used with which the particular mode of circumvention doesn't work ad infinitum.
MR. GARBUS: That's not my argument.
THE COURT: Well, I think it is.
MR. GARBUS: It's too intellectual for me. I'm only dealing with this particular case.
THE COURT: Well, sir, it is this case. It goes to the question of the relevance in this lawsuit of whether there were other protective means available to them. It is, as I see the statute, no defense to a charge of circumventing a means of protection, No. 1, that there may be another means of protection available.
MR. GARBUS: I think, and I don't know that this is the time for that debate, and I think I'd rather not get into it, but I think there is an appropriate response which we should make at an appropriate time, but I think for now,
500 unless you preclude me, I would like to prove that a year ago they were -- the industry was perfectly capable of stopping any damage from this particular type of circumvention.
And I'm not now dealing with whether or not the ultimate issue about whether this is an appropriate circumvention or inappropriate, because I think that you get into all of the balancing issues that are involved in the First Amendment and other issues.
I don't think, and I think the Court disagrees with me, that you can take this and totally -- and I'm not suggesting the Court has done that -- not look at the other values. In Sony v. Betamax and Sega v. Accolade, and the Connectix case, everybody recognizes that there is some degree of infringement. And in Sony v. Betamax, the movies industry said, there would be a great deal of infringement. And they were fundamentally correct, nonetheless the Court came to the conclusion that it did.
Now, one can interpret --
THE COURT: Under a totally different statute.
MR. GARBUS: Yes. So, one can suggest that the DMCA, and that is a legitimate argument which I disagree with, has rendered Betamax, Sega, Connectix not applicable to these technologies, that is an argument and that is an argument I think that we are prepared to deal with.
But I think that what I would like to be able to do
501 is to get into the whole question of proof about -- and we were not permitted, and I won't go back into discovery, but we have not done that. We have not shown that the only reason that there is any possibility of any future economic harm, assuming DeCSS does everything that they say it does, they chose not to put into place technology that existed a year ago.
You may find that irrelevant. I think I'm entitled to get into it, getting --
THE COURT: You have gotten into it and I think what you have established through this witness is that she doesn't know.
MR. GARBUS: Well, then we get into the other issues about -- and I don't want to put that on the table now, but it is an issue for me, where are the witnesses who know and how do we get that proof?
That is an issue, I think, for another time and that goes back to some of the other issues we have been discussing. We have never had access to that information. They can claim that we never sought it. I don't think we have to go through that whole thing again either.
502
THE COURT: Do you have another question for the witness?
MR. GARBUS: I do.
THE COURT: Put it, please.
Q. Now, prior to the DVD-CCA, were there other entities issuing licenses?
A. Matsushita issued licenses for a long time before the DVD-CCA, an interim license.
Q. Why was Matsushita issuing licenses?
A. Because they were the developer of CSS.
Q. They owned CSS.
A. Yes, along with Toshiba.
Q. Now, do you know when Matshushita first developed CSS?
A. No.
Q. Do you know, did they do it in collaboration with Toshiba or independently?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object on the basis of relevance.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Was the DVD-CCA permitted --
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object on relevance.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GARBUS: May I make an offer of proof?
THE COURT: You can make the offer of proof in open
503 court.
MR. GARBUS: That the DVD-CCA was created by the people who owned CSS to create a monopoly with respect to the movie companies and the hardware manufacturers with respect to the use of DVDs, that this entire monopoly was created so that you could not make copies as Sony Betamax said you could of things that you had purchased at the store by yourself for your personal use.
THE COURT: You think the witness is going to testify to that, right, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: No, I don't think so.
THE COURT: An offer of proof, Mr. Garbus, is not supposed to be counsel's imagination of what counsel alleges. It is supposed to be what you think the witness would answer if permitted to answer.
MR. GARBUS: I understand.
THE COURT: So, we will do it this way. I sustain the objection, and I will give you five minutes to make your offer of proof through the witness. Let me know when you are done with the offer of proof.
MR. GARBUS: I believe that this witness will be called upon to testify --
THE COURT: Make it through the witness. Ask her. We will not have speculation about what she would say. We will get her answers, I'll rule it out, and if after hearing
504 your answers I think it's relevant, I will reverse my ruling.
MR. GARBUS: I'm not sure where we are.
THE COURT: Go ahead and ask your question. You have five minutes to develop this point through this witness, the point on which I've sustained the objection.
MR. GARBUS: Can I hear my question again.
THE COURT: Go ahead and answer, Ms. King.
A. I don't really know. I know when Matsushita brought CSS to the multi-industry negotiations, that they said it had been developed by them in collaboration with Toshiba. That's all I know.
Q. When you say the multi-industry negotiations?
A. They brought it to the Copy Protection Technical Working Group which was open to all parties who wanted to come.
Q. And these were the consumer electronics groups and the motion picture industry?
A. And the computer industry and anyone else who wanted to attend, like the Home Recording Rights Coalition. I mean lots of parties were there.
Q. And as a result of that, the DVD-CCA or its predecessor was created.
A. Yes.
Q. And the purpose of that was to have that organization issue the licenses for anybody who would make movies that
505 would use the encryption system, work as replicators, who would press out the DVD itself, or have the hardware that would show the DVD. Is that right?
A. If you want to get the keys to decrypt our encrypted movies, you had to get a license to get those keys and play by the rules. It's as simple as that.
Q. Tell me what the rules are.
THE COURT: They are in the license, Mr. Garbus. We have been through that.
MR. GARBUS: Okay.
Q. Are there any rules outside of the license?
A. Not that I know of. I mean, you know, it's a complicated process. In order to play a DVD you have to comply with the DVD specifications so that the machines are compatible with the disks. I mean there are lots of things you can and can't do. It's not simple but, you know, products are manufactured all the time that have to agree with certain standards and certain quality standards, as well as if you want to play movies you adhere to that standard.
Q. Isn't it also a fact that the technology has been developed so that merely by adding a small addition to the hardware you can play DVD movies with a different security system?
A. I have never heard of that.
Q. Have you ever heard of any attempts to develop that,
506 namely keeping the hardware out there but just through some small addition making it safe to play DVD movies?
A. I'm not sure I understand your question.
Q. You testified before that to pull back the DVD movies or to go and change the encryption system would render useless all the hardware that's out there, is that right?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, is this yet not going back to robustness? It sounds that way.
THE COURT: I don't think that's what it is actually.
A. Yes, if you put a new encryption system onto our disks and it wasn't backwardly compatible, then you would have the problem of the installed base of consumer electronics and computer products that are out there, and that's a major problem.
Q. And has there been research at Warner Brothers and the other major studios that had to deal with that problem?
A. I know that the motion picture studios went to Matsushita immediately after we heard about DeCSS and said would you work on something to help us upgrade this that would not obsolete the players. I know they went ahead and tried to do that. I don't know the results of those discussions at this time. I know that it was difficult. It wasn't an easy thing to do without obsoleting the players that were already out there.
Q. Isn't it a fact -- and you tell me if I'm wrong -- that Matsushita and Toshiba came back to the movie companies with a
507 solution to that problem back in May?
THE COURT: May of what year?
MR. GARBUS: This year.
THE COURT: 2000?
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
A. I don't remember. I mean they may have. I'm not saying they didn't. I know they were asked to, so it's very likely they could have, but I don't know what that solution is, and I wasn't attending all of those meetings.
Q. Who at Warner Brothers would know that solution?
A. I'm not sure anyone would know the solution, but the persons that attend those meetings on a regular basis are Chris Cookson from -- I mean we put our most senior technology experts on these committees. That's how important Warner thinks this is. Chris Cookson and Dean Marks, who is a senior intellectual property counsel for Time Warner, these are senior people. Warner takes this quite seriously.
MR. GARBUS: Now, I don't think we have to get into here again questions of discovery, documents or depositions of these witnesses. I presume we can do that at some time before the bench rather than get into that hassle now.
THE COURT: Okay. Are at the end of your offer of proof?
MR. GARBUS: Excuse me, no.
Q. Who owns CSS at the moment?
508
A. I don't know if it's Matsushita or DVD-CCA. I just don't know. But it's either a combination of Matsushita and Toshiba or they have transferred it to the DVD-CCA, and I don't know the answer to that question.
Q. Can you tell me why it was transferred?
A. No.
Q. Do you know if the movie industry paid any price for that transfer?
MR. GOLD: I object to the form of that question.
THE COURT: There is nothing wrong with the form. Overruled.
A. No, I don't know.
Q. Do you know if any of the consumer electronics hardware manufacturers like Panasonic or Pioneer paid for the price of that transfer?
THE COURT: First of all, the witness said she didn't know whether there was a transfer, so how could she answer what somebody paid or didn't pay for the transfer that she didn't know whether it occurred?
Q. Who would know that at Warner Brothers?
A. I don't know that anybody would know that at Warner Brothers. I think you would have to ask Matsushita.
Q. Now, DVD-CCA at the present time is a conglomeration of companies, is that right?
A. There is a board that consists of some companies, yes.
509
Q. Which companies are they?
A. I know that Time Warner is now sitting on that board along with 20th Century Fox. That's the representatives from the motion picture industry. I believe it's Matsushita and Toshiba from the consumer electronics industry, and I believe it's Intel and Compaq from the computer industry, but I'm not sure about the IT companies.
Q. So let me just see if I can understand. So, some of the people that own CSS are the hardware manufacturers and some of them are representatives of the movie studios.
THE COURT: She just got finished -- objection is sustained. You keep going over and over and over, and the answer that she has given over and over and over is that she didn't know.
Q. Who would know that at Warner Brothers?
A. I just answered that question. I don't know that anyone would know that at Warner Brothers.
Q. Does any of the income from the licensing to let's say a hardware player go back to Warner Brothers?
A. No.
Q. Where does the income go?
A. Let me just describe the income. The income is a fee for the administration of the licensing. Toshiba and Matsushita were kind enough to donate whatever intellectual property is contained in CSS.
510
Q. Kind enough to donate?
A. Yes, kind enough, because they could have asked for money on a continuing royalty basis, but they didn't, so this is basically a not-for-profit organization that runs the licensing.
Now, they didn't do it out of the kindness of their hearts. They wanted to sell consumer electronics products, so they wanted the motion picture studios to be comfortable having an encryption scheme, but they didn't charge for the intellectual property like other patent holders, etc. might charge. So, it's just an administration fee that they charge.
Q. Is this a patent or a copyright on CSS?
A. I don't know. Whatever intellectual property is in CSS, there is not a running royalty on it.
Q. So, as I understand it -- and tell me if I'm wrong -- and, Judge, if I'm misstating it -- Warner Brothers then, which make the movies -- and I don't know, did you say that Warner Brothers sit on the board of DVD-CCA?
A. Yes, Time Warner, I believe.
Q. So, Warner Brothers --
A. Well, maybe -- one or the other.
Q. -- Warner Brothers or one of the Time Warner companies --
A. Yes.
Q. -- sits on DVD-CCA?
A. Yes, this is very recent.
511
Q. And it is DVD-CCA that decides who gets the licenses let's say to the hardware, is that right?
A. As long as you provide a robust implementation, anyone can take a license to make software or hardware for decrypting
Q. And you pay the money?
A. Any party --
Q. And you pay the money?
A. That's correct, but the money is just an administration fee to provide for this licensing so everyone can get it. I mean we have Chinese hardware companies and Chinese software companies, and we have companies from all over the world that have applied and received licenses from DVD-CCA.
Q. Has anybody ever been turned down?
A. I don't know that anyone has ever been turned down.
Q. Has anybody at Linux ever been turned down?
A. I don't know.
Q. Has anybody ever made an application but wanted to get permission or the license without paying the requested fee?
A. I don't know.
Q. Have there been any attempts, to your knowledge -- and if you know nothing about it, I don't want to pursue this line of inquiry -- any attempts to your knowledge to negotiate those fees, or is it an absolute set fee, the same one in every contract?
512
A. I don't know.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I hope that it's useful. They took the deposition of Mr. Hoy, who runs DVD-CCA, for a day and a half, and they have all of this information.
MR. GARBUS: And the information -- well, I will withdraw that.
Q. Have there been any lawsuits that you know of brought by the motion picture studios, the MPA or anyone concerning Power Rippers?
THE COURT: Is this still part of your offer of proof or are we now done with that?
MR. GARBUS: I lost track.
THE COURT: We will deem it over.
MR. GARBUS: Unless I can re-think it and remember it.
Q. Do you know what rippers do, Power Rippers?
A. Just in general, just in general terms, that they by brute force try to rip up an encrypted product.
Q. After you sat in court for several days and you heard Mr. Shamos, Mr. Schumann, do you know whether or not the MPA brought any other lawsuits, or Warner brought any other lawsuits concerning any of these other utilities?
A. Not that I'm aware of.
Q. And to your knowledge, do any of those other utilities have any relationship to Linux?
513
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, this seems to be some defense I've never heard about, selective enforcement.
THE COURT: What's the objection?
MR. GOLD: Relevance.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Have you had any conversations with anyone at Warner Brothers concerning the Linux system?
A. No.
Q. Do you know anything about the Linux system?
A. No, just that it's an open architecture system.
Q. Have you ever heard anything about the LiViD group before you came today?
A. Before I came to court this week?
Q. Yes.
A. No.
Q. Would you happen to know whether the MPAA since let's say January 1 has been keeping copies of the LiViD logs?
A. I have no idea.
Q. Have you never seen them?
A. No.
Q. And do you have any knowledge as you sit here today as to the growth of Linux in the market?
A. No.
THE COURT: How much more do you have for this witness, Mr. Garbus?
514
MR. GARBUS: I think I'm about a minute away or less.
THE COURT: Okay.
MR. GARBUS: Excuse me.
Q. Now, you said that you were a member of the Copyright Protection Technical Working Group, is that right?
A. I attended quite a few of their meetings at the beginning. There was no membership.
THE COURT: Was the name Copyright Protection or Copy Protection?
THE WITNESS: Copy Protection.
MR. GARBUS: Technical Working Group.
Q. I show you document AV1.
MR. SIMS: AUI?
MR. GARBUS: It looks like AV1.
Q. Do you remember discussions at the Copy Protection Technical Working Group about the weakness of the CSS system?
A. I remember they discussed the strength of copy protection systems at the CPTWG, yes. I don't remember a discussion about weakness. I remember a discussion about is it strong, is it weak, you know. They were analyzing the encryption.
Q. Look at the second page of that document, which is dated January 31, 1997. Were you ever told that a college student had broken CSS back in January of 1997?
A. I don't remember being told that, no.
515
Q. Did you ever see that document before?
A. No.
Q. Did you attend the Copy Protection Technical Working Group meeting, if you can remember, back in January 31?
A. I don't remember.
Q. Do you remember any discussions in any of the meetings about the CSS having been broken in 1997?
A. No.
Q. As you look at the document, does that refresh your recollection, the third paragraph --
A. No.
Q. -- about any conversations that were had at the Copy Protection Technical Working Group meeting about the breaking of CSS?
MR. GOLD: Which paragraph are you referring the witness to?
THE WITNESS: I'm looking at paragraph 3. I have never seen this before, but it seems like they are talking about the encryption.
THE COURT: No, the question to you is only whether looking at this refreshes your recollection as to whether you were involved or had any knowledge of conversations in the Copy Protection Technical Working Group about the breaking of CSS in 1997.
THE WITNESS: I don't remember any such knowledge. I
516 don't remember that.
Q. Look at the fourth page of that document headed "California Student Unscrambles Internet Code," when is the first time that you learned --
MR. GOLD: I don't see this on what is marked on page 4 here, but you may be on another page.
THE COURT: On the fifth page.
MR. GOLD: Thank you, your Honor.
THE WITNESS: Okay.
THE COURT: The page 4 with the number 5 on it.
A. This is not a hack of CSS.
THE COURT: You have told us earlier, did you not, several times that CSS encrypted disks were first put into the marketplace by Warner in March of '97, right?
THE WITNESS: That's correct.
THE COURT: And is that accurate?
THE WITNESS: Yes.
THE COURT: And this memorandum is dated two months before the product was in the market, is that right?
THE WITNESS: That's right.
THE COURT: Let's move on.
Q. When for the first time did you learn that CSS was broken?
A. To the best of my recollection I learned about it in October of '99.
Q. Now, the Copyright Protection Technical Working Group was
517 set up when?
A. I don't remember the exact dates. '96 probably.
Q. And it was set up to deal with among other things DVD and DVD security.
A. Yes.
Q. And do you know when CSS or the 40 bit encryption code that later came to be put on DVDs was first released or made public?
A. Well, I don't think it has ever been made public. That's why we have the licensing entity. So, when they were finished and ready to license it, I don't know. I do know it was before we released the product.
Q. So how many months, if you can tell me, if you know, before the product was released was information about the encryption code released?
THE COURT: If it was.
MR. GARBUS: If it was.
A. I don't think information about the -- I mean they made an announcement that they were licensing, I guess. I really don't know. I just know that Matsushita started licensing the product, that our replicator got a license and that we went ahead fairly quickly into the marketplace, because we had wanted to launch even sooner, so we were happy we had the encryption and ready to go.
Q. Do you know whether or not anybody at Warner Brothers or
518 MPAA knew that even before they had released their product the code had been broken?
A. I don't believe --
MR. GOLD: I object to the question, your Honor.
THE COURT: Objection sustained. It assumes facts as to which there is no evidence. There is nothing before me to suggest that it was cracked at that point.
Q. Look at this document now, Exhibit AVI. Is that the form of documents, executive summaries that are issued by the Copy Protection Technical Working Group meeting?
A. They don't issue summaries.
Q. You have never seen anything like this before?
A. No. This looks to me not to -- well, I don't know where it came from.
Q. What if I tell you it came from the DVD-CCA files.
A. Well it may have come from the DVD-CCA files but the Copy Protection Technical Working Group didn't produce documents like the one attached to this.
THE COURT: I thought the document from the DVD-CCA all were stamped DVD-CCA. Is that not correct?
MR. SIMS: This came from Sony, your Honor.
THE WITNESS: That makes sense.
THE COURT: Okay. Let me make this simple, Mr. Garbus. You are assuming, I take it based on your questions, that the reference in this document to a 40 bit common key
519 encryption system is CSS.
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
THE COURT: Whether that is true or not is by no means clear, and the circumstances suggest -- though don't prove -- otherwise.
Now, I imagine that there might be some relevant proof on whether they are the same, and even if they are not the same what the relevance of the cracking of a 40 bit key would be to the security of CSS, but I don't think a lawyer who does business affairs for a movie studio is a likely candidate to be able to give that kind of testimony.
Q. Can you tell me who at the MPAA might be able to give me that testimony?
A. I don't know --
MR. GOLD: I object to the question. I'm not sure what testimony.
THE COURT: Yes, neither am I. Sustained.
Q. Can you tell me whether or not there is anyone at Warner Brothers who has any information about the significance of the January break of a 40 bit encryption code to DVD and CSS?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the relevance of that question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Look, Mr. Garbus, you have access to whatever experts you want in the area of encryption, and if you have some
520 evidence to call on this, call it.
MR. GARBUS: Let me tell you what I don't have. I don't have the documents.
THE COURT: You don't know if there are documents.
MR. GARBUS: That's true, and I never had the chance --
THE COURT: And, furthermore, I don't know that you don't have whatever documents that there are.
We have already I believe once this morning had an incident -- or yesterday -- in which you claimed that you didn't have the documents, and it was proved you did. I believe it had to do with the drafts of the documents that I believe Mr. Schumann was questioned about yesterday, or maybe this witness. And after the whole Sturm und Drang that you didn't have the documents, it turned out they had been produced to you.
Now, I am not faulting you. I know trial lawyers are busy people and there are lots of documents, but I just can't accept as a given these assertions like that.
Q. Let me show you a document from Warner Home Video addressed to you.
MR. GARBUS: May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. Document SF, have you ever seen that document before? It's from you.
521
A. Yes.
Q. Addressing your attention now to the ninth page, which is designated "WB01462." And the fist sentence under 2.2.2. Do you see that sentence?
A. Yes.
Q. Who is Merdan?
A. I believe Merdan was an outside technology consulting firm that some of the motion picture companies, not including mine, had do an analysis of CSS, retained to do an analysis of CSS.
Q. Now, in addition to Merdan, was Macrovision also at some time asked to do an analysis of DeCSS?
A. I don't remember that.
Q. Do you know who Macrovision is?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Who are they?
A. They make analog protection, analog copy protection, and they participated a lot in the Copy Protection Technical Working Group.
Q. And is Macrovision utilized on DVDs?
A. Yes, it is.
Q. How?
A. It's used to protect analog content through two systems, one called Automatic Gain Control, AGC, and something called color burst, I believe.
Q. Have you ever seen a Macrovision report dated November 15
522 saying that the encryption system is weak, useless and, however, will not be of any use to hackers in making illegal copies?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, is that a quote from the article?
THE COURT: I don't know what it is.
MR. GOLD: I object to the form of the question.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form.
Q. Looking at 2.2.2, it says the content scrambling scheme is relatively unsophisticated. And this was furnished to Warner Home Video back in April 30, 1997, and it goes from you to Mr. Cookson.
Did you and Mr. Cookson have any discussion about that sentence?
A. I can't recall whether we discussed this particular sentence.
Q. Did you have any discussion with him about the weakness of
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, clearly this goes to effectiveness, and I think that you blocked that area of inquiry, that you ruled on that area of inquiry yesterday.
THE COURT: What about that, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: If you want, I will get away from it. I think the issue --
THE COURT: That's not the point, Mr. Garbus. The
523 point is to respond to the objection.
MR. GARBUS: I think the objection is incorrect. I think it's relevant whether or not the movie studios knew back in April of 1997 that DeCSS was unsophisticated and could be easily broken.
THE COURT: It's relevant for what purpose?
MR. GARBUS: Pardon me, I said DeCSS. I think it's relevant in this case to show that they knew that this CSS could not control access to the product that they had.
THE COURT: Objection sustained.
MR. GARBUS: It also goes to the question I think of harm, namely if we show that they knew in 1997 that this encryption system was to be what I understand it, then if they suffered harm knowing that, then I think that's relevant to the question of the harm that they suffered.
THE COURT: So, in other words, if somebody put a crummy lock on their door and a burglar goes through it, there is no crime. Is that your point?
MR. GARBUS: That's not what I'm saying.
THE COURT: Okay. Objection sustained.
MR. GARBUS: Not what I'm saying. A burglar is not dealing with the DMCA or copyright law.
THE COURT: No, the burglar is dealing with a penal law that says in substance you can't circumvent controls that limit access to your apartment, Mr. Garbus.
524
MR. GARBUS: Shall I then stop asking questions?
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus, I'm ruling on them one at a time.
Q. Directing your attention to the conclusions, let me read the conclusions to you.
THE COURT: She can read them herself.
Q. Read the conclusions under 4 and then afterwards the recommendations.
Did you have any discussion with Mr. Cookson about those conclusions or recommendations?
A. I had a discussion --
MR. GOLD: Objection, your Honor.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Do you know if any changes were ever made in the CSS system after you received these recommendations and conclusions from Merdan?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I think we are on the same subject.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. I show you Defendants' Exhibit BX.
THE COURT: How much longer do you expect to be with the witness?
MR. GARBUS: I think a little while. I think that it may well be that -- well, I think a little while.
THE COURT: Can you define "a little while," Mr.
525 Garbus? At five to 12 you told me a minute or two. It's now almost 12:30.
MR. GARBUS: I think beyond lunch.
Your Honor, I move into evidence the Warner Home Video document dated April 30, 1997.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to that on the grounds of --
THE COURT: Which exhibit, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: SF.
THE COURT: Do you include within your offer the attachments?
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: I object on relevance grounds and on hearsay grounds.
THE COURT: Objection sustained as to both.
The hearsay ruling applies to pages WB01637 through 01644, and absent a showing that Ms. Zwilling of page 01636 is a Warner employee, it extends to that as well.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, you are ahead of me as usual. I don't see -- oh, I see. Excuse me.
Q. I show you --
MR. SIMS: I'm sorry. We don't have the document.
MR. GARBUS: BX.
526
THE COURT: B as in boy.
MR. GARBUS: May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. Does the one you have, Ms. King, have my scribblings on it?
THE COURT: No, that's the one you gave me.
MR. GARBUS: Let me give you a clean copy.
Q. Do you recall, Ms. King, that this document was shown to you at your deposition and that it was a memo to you? Do you see your name on the third line of the document?
A. Yes, but I don't remember this from the deposition. I thought it was a different article.
Q. It was marked at your deposition as K8 for identification. Do you remember seeing it? Perhaps Mr. Gold and I can stipulate.
THE COURT: I don't see what the relevance of that particular point is. Why don't you just ask your next question.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, this says it was marked on July 10, and I don't think there was a deposition on July 10.
THE COURT: I don't care. I don't care. I assume Mr. Garbus has questions to ask her about the document other than who scribbled what on it in early July.
Q. Did you know that the people who were creating Linux -- pardon me -- the people who were creating DeCSS were Linux
527 programmers?
MR. GOLD: Can I have that question read back?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object. There is no foundation for that.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form. Do you want to rephrase it, counsel?
Q. Were you ever told or did you ever see a document that said that Linux programmers were working on DeCSS in order to create the DeCSS so that they could use DVDs on their machines?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object on the grounds of relevance.
THE COURT: The question of whether the witness was told that by anyone I think is not relevant unless it was somebody at Time Warner.
Q. Let me ask you if you were asked and answered the following question at your deposition at page 228.
THE COURT: Just read it, please, Mr. Garbus.
Q. It's line 8. "Q. Before you spend a long time reading it, let me just ask you, have you seen this before? "A. Yes, I believe I have."
Does that refresh your recollection as to whether or not --
528
A. I would have to look at the deposition, because I just don't remember this particular article.
Q. Well, I'm reading to you.
A. From the deposition, I understand that. But is that what I was reading, this article?
Q. Yes.
A. Okay.
Q. Now, where did you get this article from?
A. Well, obviously -- I got it --
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, is there anything in the record about this witness getting this article? I don't think so.
THE COURT: Well, it's addressed to her among others.
THE WITNESS: But I don't know that I got it. I just don't know if they showed this to me at deposition. Lewis Osterover showed this to me.
Q. Who is see?
A. He is our senior president of new media at Warner Home Video.
Q. Did you and Mr. Ostrover have any conversation about this article?
A. No.
Q. Is there any comment on the top of this document from Mr. Ostrover to you about the article?
A. There is a comment to all of us from him.
529
Q. And what does that say?
A. "This is a relatively rational take. See particularly the last four paragraphs."
Q. Do you recall looking at the last four paragraphs?
A. I read a lot of articles when CSS was first hacked, so I probably read this as well.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, I can belabor the witness, but rather than do that, and to save time, this is an adoption by a Warner Brothers employee of his interpretation of the material of the article. I move it into evidence.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object on the grounds of hearsay. That something is rational doesn't make it true or false.
MR. GARBUS: I offer it for what it's worth, for what it says and for his interpretation.
MR. GOLD: Hearsay, your Honor.
THE COURT: Given the limited nature of Mr. Gold's objection, I am going to receive the entire document. The portion that says "Here is a relatively rational take, see particularly the last four paragraphs," is received without restriction. The portion that consists of a retyping or a copy of what appears to have been a newspaper or other media report is received for the fact that it was said and for whatever inference ought to be drawn from this statement, particularly the last four paragraphs are a rational take. In
530 other words, the media report is not received for its truth but it is received to shed light on what Mr. Ostrover meant.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I also would like to object to it on the grounds that it relates to the robustness.
THE COURT: What about that, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: I'm sorry.
THE COURT: He is now objecting on grounds of relevance. Do you have anything new to say on that?
MR. GARBUS: Sure. The sentences, I would have to read the sentences aloud to show why I think it's relevant. It would be the first sentence. It talks about -- the article talks about who made DeCSS, which group made it. It talks about why it took so long to DeCSS, because people have known about for so long. It talks about the potential ramifications of the DVD industry and it says the impact probably -- I don't want to read it. I think it's obvious.
THE COURT: I am going to receive it on the limited basis I indicated. To the extent it goes to the robustness issue, you know my view.
MR. GARBUS: Thank you.
MR. GARBUS: May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. I show you Defendants' Exhibit AUA. I don't know if it's defendants.
531
THE COURT: What's the question?
Q. Have you ever seen this document before?
A. No, to the best of my knowledge, no.
Q. Do you recall meetings within Warner Brothers saying that a 40 bit encryption system is not the best we can do at this time?
A. No, I remember meetings where I heard from the computer industry and the consumer electronics industry that 40 bit encryption was the only one allowed to be exported under the U.S. export laws.
Q. Did anybody tell you that you could not apply for a license to get permission for a 56, a 58, a 65 encryption key?
A. I don't remember.
MR. GOLD: I object to this line on the grounds of relevance, which it is still in robustness and effectiveness.
THE COURT: Is that right, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: I don't think so. It seems to me what this shows is that -- and it happens to be the law, and I am prepared to go up there to talk about it -- do you want me to continue?
THE COURT: Yes, Mr. Garbus, continue.
MR. GARBUS: Oh, excuse me.
Q. Now, you are a lawyer, Ms. King. Isn't it a fact --
THE COURT: No, I wanted you to continue on the objection. Mr. Gold objected. He said it goes to the
532 robustness issue. I asked you what your response was, and I don't know what your response is.
MR. GARBUS: It goes to the fact that they knew in '97 that the 40 bit encryption system was weak. They knew that. They could have gone to the government to get a license, easily obtainable, so that they could have built a 56, 58 encryption system.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Now, tell me when you had this conversation about a 40 bit encryption being as large as you could have before you went and sought an export license?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the relevance.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Ms. King, let me show you --
MR. GARBUS: May I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. -- Exhibit ADT. I direct your attention to the bottom right-hand corner, Fox. Is Fox one of the people who made motion pictures?
A. Well, 20th Century Fox is.
Q. Have you ever seen any report that was given to Fox that points out that the CSS standard was totally inadequate for protection?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object on relevance grounds.
THE COURT: Sustained.
533
Q. Is it your testimony, Ms. King, that you never heard in 1997 anyone within the motion picture industry say that the CSS system was inadequate for protection?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, same objection.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, if we could take our lunch break, I think I might be able to finish up after lunch in about ten minutes.
THE COURT: Okay. 2 o'clock.
534
THE COURT: Before we start, is Mr. Young in the courtroom?
I have had a request from a John Young at Cryptome for an approval of a live feed of proceedings from the court reporter who's doing the realtime for the purpose of receiving the transcript as it's generated to post on the Internet.
I wanted to inform him, and if anybody is talking to him, you can tell him that the matter is under consideration, but it involves a whole series of complex issues that involve the court reporters' rights for being compensated for their work, the fact that the realtime transcript in this case, because of the technical nature of much of the time leaves a great deal to be desired, inasmuch as neither party has yet provided the court reporter with a glossary, at least so I have been told in the last five minutes, so the draft transcript is not what it would be if that had occurred.
And thirdly, I need technical advice on the extent to which if at all connecting any outside computer by direct cable to the court reporters' equipment potentially gives access to my own equipment.
And, lastly, there are U.S. judicial conference rules that prohibit electronic connections between computers that are on the Judiciary's network and anybody outside the judiciary and mine is on the judiciary's network.
I will look into these matters, but it isn't going to
535 happen in a matter of hours.
MR. SIMS: Your Honor, just -- we did provide a glossary yesterday morning to the male court reporter, and we'll try to find other copies.
THE COURT: All right. Mr. Garbus, you may proceed.
MR. GARBUS: May we approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
MR. GARBUS: This came up in a way shortly before lunch and maybe I can just get the Court's guidance on this.
I see the statute here and then I see the licensing arrangements here. And I see what the licensing arrangements do and the rights that they allegedly give or don't give.
I don't see the DMCA and the licensing arrangements as one, seeing them as two separate things. I see the DMCA as a boarder in the licensing arrangements and one of the things that the witness testified to was that the licensing arrangements cuts down on the rights that certain people would otherwise have.
I would like to understand that further. I think it has legal significance and I was trying to pose questions to the witness at the end of the morning that basically deal with this. Now, I don't want to do that, if you feel that that's not an area that I should pursue.
For example, I would ask a question: If I can build
536 a DVD player physically capable of playing a Warner Brother's disk which I have purchased without signing the license with DVD-CCA, is it Warner's policy or position that I am permitted to play it?
She answered before, I think, that anything that you buy from Warner Brothers and can play on any disk on any hardware player.
Now, if that's so, then is it is Warner brother's position that you can even play it on a player which does not have a license from the DVD-CCA. In other words, I'm trying to deal with the question of the relationship between the licensing statute and the DMCA to see exactly who is prohibiting what is happening here. I think one of the words that you've been focusing on appropriately is "authorized" and "unauthorized."
THE COURT: I don't think I have focused on that in the course of the trial so far at all.
MR. GARBUS: O.K. I guess it seems to me that as I understand the licensing structure here, it is the licensing structure that authorizes or doesn't authorize, it brings about this lawsuit.
As I understand it, though I'm not clear, I think the plaintiffs are suing pursuant to their licensing arrangements against this defendant and the question is whether or not because those are the rights, I presume, that they have.
537
The thing that's in issue here is the CSS. And the question is, I asked the witness, is this a patent or a copyright? I'm not exactly -- I think she wasn't sure. If it's a patent, it's been published, so there's nothing unusual about knowing the structure of CSS.
I'm just raising a lot of questions that should become apparent as a result of this morning's questioning. Having said that, let's all go home.
THE COURT: Well, I will vote for that. I don't know what the question is, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: Here's the question: If I can build a DVD player physically capable of playing a Warner Brother's disk, which I've lawfully purchased without signing the license with DVD-CCA, is it Warner's position/policy that I am permitted to play it?
THE COURT: And Mr. Gold, if he asked that question --
MR. GOLD: I would object. I would object to the relevancy of it.
THE COURT: And I will sustain the objection.
So, you can ask it, if you want and I will sustain the objection.
MR. GARBUS: I'm certainly not going to ask it.
Let me go through another whole bunch of questions.
THE COURT: Let's not do that. I'm not here to give
538 an advisory opinion about what happens. If you want to ask the witness questions, ask the witness questions, and let's get it done with.
You promised me almost two hours ago you had a minute to go. I realize a lot of that has been lunch.
THE COURT: Go ahead, Mr. Garbus.
Q. One thing I wasn't clear with respect to CSS. I asked you whether it was a patent or a copyright. Do you recall what it is?
A. No, it may be both. I don't know.
Q. If it's a patent, it will be published, is that right?
THE COURT: Please, Mr. Garbus, this isn't a patent lawyer. The Patent Code of the United States provides for what it has to be.
Q. To your knowledge, based on your experience at Warner Brothers, what is it that requires a consumer to only view a DVD on a player licensed by DVD-CCA?
MR. GOLD: I object, your Honor, on relevance grounds.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. To your knowledge, if a consumer sees a piece of hardware that plays a DVD, how is the consumer to tell whether that's an authorized player or not?
539
A. I don't know what the word "authorized" means.
Q. The statute uses the word "authorized." That's what I'm trying to find out.
THE COURT: Maybe you ought to read the statute again and see in what connection it uses it because I don't think it's in this one.
Q. Do you know what the term "compliant equipment" means?
A. I don't think there is a standard definition for "compliant equipment."
Q. Tell me your understanding of it.
A. I think in the context of the CSS licensing, it would be equipment that has taken a license that is compliant with the license terms.
Q. So, a compliant piece of equipment under the statute would be one that would be authorized by the DVD-CCA, is that right?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GARBUS: Excuse me for a moment.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, I see the word "authority" in the statute, and I said "authorization," but the statute, as I see it at Section A, and I'm prepared to go to the bench for this, if it's necessary.
THE COURT: Which subpart of A?
MR. GARBUS: It says, "To circumvent the
540 technological measure."
THE COURT: Which subpart of A?
MR. GARBUS: (a)(1), I think; (2)(a) -- (3)(a).
THE COURT: (3)(a)?
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
THE COURT: 12(a)(3)(a)? There is none.
MR. GARBUS: 1201(a); walking my way through this is very difficult.
THE COURT: I know it's not an easy statute. It takes some attention.
MR. GARBUS: 1201(a).
THE COURT: Are you talking about (a)(3)(b)?
MR. GARBUS: I'm talking about -- yes, (3)(a) and (b). Let me show you what I'm referring to.
THE COURT: I can read (a)(3)(a) and (b). I have it in front of me.
MR. GARBUS: It starts "to circumvent."
THE COURT: Yes.
MR. GARBUS: And then (b) talks about without the authority.
THE COURT: Yes. Do you have a question?
Q. So, there is an authorization factored in the statute, and I'm trying to determine with respect to that authorization, the extent to which it is granted or not granted and the
541 relationship between the statute and this licensing structure.
THE COURT: Well, you read the statute. You read the license. That's what you have.
MR. GARBUS: Except that the statute and the license are not coextensive.
THE COURT: So, you compare the two and you analyze the respects in which they differ and you make your argument about what the legal effect of that is.
MR. GARBUS: And that's what I'm trying to ask questions about.
THE COURT: I know. But it's a legal issue.
What's the question?
Q. Do you have knowledge of what Warner's position is with respect to these licenses about what the authority a buyer of a DVD has with respect to the use of that DVD?
MR GOLD: Objection, your Honor.
THE COURT: Sustained.
What you are obviously trying to get at, Mr. Garbus, is whether Warner or any of the other studios has authorized consumer purchases of their DVDs to circumvent the copy protection of CSS.
Now, if you want to ask that question, why don't you ask it.
542
Q. I'll ask that question of the witness.
A. No.
THE COURT: Now, maybe we can move on.
Q. So, as you understand it -- and this is the last question and then I'm through for the day with respect to this witness -- a purchaser of a DVD cannot make a copy of a DVD for his own personal use or to lend -- is that right?
A. That's right.
Q. And the purchaser of a DVD cannot lend the copy of the DVD to a friend who does not have an authorized, licensed player?
MR GOLD: Your Honor, it's beginning to sound like -- he's asking for a legal opinion, I think.
THE COURT: Well, I don't even see what the relevance of the question is. Can't lend it? I mean, is there really some suggestion that there's an issue in this case as to whether somebody who owns a DVD can lend it to somebody else without knowing whether they have a player?
Suppose they lend it to somebody who didn't have electricity?
MR. GARBUS: To play it. I thought the question was to play it on a player that does not have a license from the
THE COURT: Well, that wasn't the question. Do you want to take another stab at the question?
543
Q. Is it Warner's position that the purchaser of a DVD cannot lend the DVD to a person who has an unauthorized player so that the person who has that unauthorized player can watch the
MR GOLD: I object, your Honor.
THE COURT: Look, I'm going to allow the answer to this question just to be done with it; all right.
Bear with everybody, Mr. Gold.
A. Someone who owns a DVD disk can lend it to whoever they want, but the disks are only authorized to be played on compliant players.
MR. GARBUS: Thank you.
THE COURT: O.K. Thank you, Mr. Garbus.
Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: I do have several questions for the witness, your Honor.
Q. Ms. King, would any upgrade in the security system of the DVD provide protection for the films that have already been released in CSS format?
A. From what I understand, they would not.
Q. Now, turning, if I may, do you still have Exhibit RK, the second page?
A. Exhibit?
544
THE COURT: You mean BK?
MR GOLD: Mine says "RK."
THE COURT: RK; thank you.
A. I have it.
Q. You have it, Ma'am?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. In January of the year 2000, did you agree with the view expressed from the article, the one about the DV code crack?
A. I certainly didn't.
Q. Specifically, if I can, I want to refer you to the part of that paragraph which relates to economic incentive. Did you agree with the view expressed about economic incentive?
A. No, I didn't agree, however --
Q. Why not?
A. Well, I didn't agree because there is an economic incentive to hack the product. Certainly people that want to make money off of pirating our product would be very happy to do so and have done so ever since we started releasing it.
Q. Did you understand in January of 2000, despite what you've just said, that there was a good business reason for Mr. Cardwell to have expressed the view contained in that paragraph?
A. Yes, I do. I believe I understand why he said this.
Q. And why is that?
A. Well, he was at the consumer electronics show.
545
MR. GARBUS: I object to her understanding.
THE COURT: Sustained. Sustained.
Q. Did you know whether or not at Warner's in January of the year 2000, this January, that there was a concern among executives that people were panicking unnecessarily about the crack of BSD?
MR. GARBUS: I object to the form of the question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Did you ever engage in any discussion with executives where you expressed a view that it would be good for Warner's to get some control over what was happening in the market as a result of this crack of CSS?
MR. GARBUS: I object to the form of the question. (A) it's leading, and it assumes facts not in evidence.
THE COURT: Rephrase it.
Q. Do you believe in January of 2000 that your public, Warner's public, was jittery about the crack of the BSD could lose faith in the --
MR. GARBUS: I object to the form of the question.
THE COURT: Sustained.
MR. GARBUS: If the witness hasn't been told thus far what to answer --
THE COURT: That was unnecessary.
Anything else, Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: Yes.
546
Q. What is your present judgment, Ms. King, about the incentives to use DeCSS to copy and transmit Warner DVDs?
MR. GARBUS: Object to the question.
THE COURT: On what ground?
MR. GARBUS: That he's told him what to testify to already.
THE COURT: This will be a very short trial if we exclude the witnesses called by both parties on the theory that each lawyer has told them what to say.
Overruled.
THE WITNESS: Can you repeat the question, please?
THE COURT: I think we could get rid of all trials in America on that ground.
MR. GOLD: When I used that statement at lunch in a different context, my listener said, well, will that be a bad thing?
THE COURT: Don't answer that, Ms. King.
MR. GOLD: I said, yes.
THE COURT: Come on. Is there another question?
Q. What is your present judgment, Ms. King, about the incentives to use DeCSS to copy Warner DVDs?
MR. GARBUS: I'll object to it, that there's been no proof that DeCSS is being used to transmit any DVDs.
THE COURT: Overruled.
547
A. We have highly-desirable product. People want to view our product. They want to view our new product.
MR. GARBUS: Excuse me. May I interrupt?
Was the question "do you believe" or "what do other people think"?
THE COURT: The question was what her present judgment was about whether incentives existed.
MR. GARBUS: Is that based on her belief or her view as an expert?
THE COURT: I don't know. I didn't ask the question.
MR. GARBUS: I object to the question on the grounds of a lack of foundation.
THE COURT: Do you want to address that, Counsel?
Q. Was it part of your job to form judgments about anything that related to the product of Warner Brothers home video?
A. I do that all the time.
Q. And did you form judgments about the continued viability of CSS and the use of DeCSS in the United States ever since you heard about the DeCSS crack?
A. We are constantly evaluating the situation.
Q. Can you tell us what your present judgment is about the incentives to use DeCSS to copy and transmit Warner's DVDs?
A. The studios have highly-desirable product. We not only have professional pirates that steal our product and transmit
548 it to others for a commercial gain, but we have people that want to take it just because they like to view it. It's highly-desirable product, not just mine. I'm not just speaking for my studio.
If one of the things we found when we started taking action against Internet Service Providers was if they knew that this was illegal or thought it was illegal when we started saying cease and desist from posting DeCSS, they took it down. We saw that happen.
It's very important that there isn't perception that you can just take the product and also that we don't lose control of the distribution of our product in the future. So, the incentives are real both for profit and not for profit.
Q. Do you know where Mr. Cardwell was when he was speaking to the press as reflected in this article?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Where?
A. He was in lace Vegas at the consumer electronics show.
Q. Do you know the purpose of -- do you know why Warner sends people to the consumer electronics show?
MR. GARBUS: I object.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. What is the purpose of the consumer electronics show?
A. At the consumer electronics show, consumer electronics companies like, you know, Sony, Toshiba, RCA present their new
549 products and their new product lines.
Q. Prior to the consumer electronics show in 1990, did Warner executives make any decision with respect to what they wanted to accomplish at that show?
A. Yes.
Q. What was that decision?
THE COURT: We are talking about 1990. What's that got to do with anything?
MR GOLD: 2000. I don't know how that happened. It's January of 2000.
A. We had been attending --
MR. GARBUS: I think I would object to this on the grounds that it's hearsay.
THE COURT: I'm going to sustain the objection on the ground that enough already, Mr. Gold.
MR GOLD: I know what that means. Thank you, your Honor.
THE COURT: You're welcome.
Mr. Garbus, any recross?
MR. GARBUS: Very, very brief.
Q. Isn't it a fact that since the date you first filed or the first lawsuit was filed in January in this case and the lawsuit that was filed in California, that there are an
550 increased number of postings of DeCSS on the Net?
A. I don't know.
Q. As a practical matter, hasn't the fact that these lawsuits have started brought to the public's attention the fact that there's DeCSS on the Net with the result that more people are mirroring it and more people are downloading it?
A. I don't know.
Q. Isn't it a fact that if the industry wanted to protect itself from the spread of DeCSS, a public lawsuit rather than attempting to contact individual service providers was exactly the wrong thing to do?
A. We did both.
Q. So, when you went to these ISPs, did you ever ask -- well, we've been through that.
MR. GARBUS: I have no further questions.
THE COURT: Thank you.
Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: No further questions.
THE COURT: The witness is excused.
Thank you, Ms. King.
THE WITNESS: Thank you.
THE COURT: Next witness, Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: Yes, may I have a minute and a half just to go get him?
551
THE COURT: Who is your next witness, Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: Professor Franklin Fisher.
THE CLERK: State your name.
THE WITNESS: Franklin M. Fisher.
THE COURT: Proceed, counsel.
THE WITNESS: Can I get rid of this stuff?
THE COURT: There's an enormous pile of paper up here.
Go ahead.
Q. What is your occupation?
A. I'm the Jean Berkowitz Carlton and Dennis William Carlton professor of Economics at MIT.
Q. And how long have you been teaching at MIT, sir?
A. 40 years.
Q. Do you hold any other professional positions?
A. Yes.
Q. And what are they?
A. I'm a member of the board of the National Bureau of Economic Research. I'm the chairman of the board of Charles River Associates, which is an economics consulting firm, and I have been, still am, I have been for about the last eight
552 years the chair of the Middle East Water Project, which is a project of Dutch, American, Palestinian, Israeli, Jordanian scholars working on the economics of water in the Middle East.
Q. Which degrees did you receive? In what institutions did you receive them from?
A. I received the B.A. summa cum laude in 1956, the M.A. in 1957, the Ph.D. in 1960, all in economics and all from Harvard.
Q. Have you received any scholarships or other professional honors?
A. Yes.
Q. Please name a few of the outstanding ones.
A. O.K. A long time ago, now I received the John Bates Clark award of the American Economic Association, which is given every other year essentially to the most-promising economists under the age of 40.
I was the president in 1979 of the Econometrics Society, which is the most prominent professional organization specializing in the use of quantitative methods and mathematics in economics.
I'm a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. I was once a junior Fellow of the society of Fellows at Harvard. Let's see. I've held Ford Foundation faculty scholarship, a National Science Foundation faculty team fellowship and a Guggenheim fellowship.
553
Q. Have you -- what are your fields of specialization in economics?
A. Well, for a long time, my principal field was econometrics, which in this connection, it's the application of statistical methods to economics, but I wouldn't say I left that field, but that stopped being my principal field of specialization some time ago.
Basically, I am a microeconomist, that is, as opposed to macroeconomists, who are supposed to know about things like things and unemployment and inflation. Microeconomists study the way consumers behave, the way firms behave, the way the price system works, the allocation of resources, the way markets behave, and of various forms.
Within that, I have worked on various aspects of price theory, including price indices and the general study of how a competitive price system works and on industrial organization which is more applied subject and in my case that is involved working very heavily in the antitrust area.
Q. Have you published, sir?
A. Yes, I am the author of approximately 16 books and something substantially over 100 articles.
Q. Have you ever testified in court before as an expert?
A. Yes, I've testified quite extensively over the last 30 years. Most recently, I was the government's principal economic witness in the Microsoft case.
554
Q. Were you retained by the Proskauer, Rose firm appearing for the plaintiffs -- appearing for the movie studio plaintiffs in this case?
A. Yes, I was.
Q. And what were you retained to do, sir?
A. Well, in general terms, I was retained to give an opinion about what economic analysis had to say about various aspects of the case.
More specifically, I was asked to read and comment on various declarations of experts of the defendants from the point of view of economic analysis, and more important, I was asked the question of whether -- to opine on the question of whether on the assumption that no copies were yet being made using DeCSS, no movie copies, whether it was the case that the movie companies had nevertheless already been injured.
Q. Could you please tell the Court the particular work and scholarship that you relied on in giving the opinions you gave in your declaration and are about to give in court today?
A. Well, on the one hand, I've quite heavily relied on some of the very basic tools of economic analysis. A lot of what I have to say is not really very difficult or complicated material and it relies heavily on issues involved in the theory of the consumer, a subject that I have written on and teach every year in several courses about.
In addition, I have over the course of the last
555 approximately 28 years been involved in a number of cases and I've written some involving movies and movie distribution, mostly perhaps entirely related primarily to movies and the television industry.
Q. Professor, I'd like to give you several assumptions and have you accept those assumptions, and then I am going to ask you a question. I'm going to ask you to assume -- oh, before I start that.
Did you read any of the papers in this case?
A. Yes.
Q. Which ones?
A. Well, I read various of the declarations of defendant's experts and then I've read some of the pleadings. I've read his Honor's decision on the preliminary injunction matter and I read the complaint. I read various of the motions. I read the briefs on the motions surrounding that, I don't remember exactly.
Q. Now, I'd like to put several assumptions in front of you. Assume that DeCSS technology can be used to circumvent the access and copy protection contained on DVD movies. Then assume that as a result, the movies could be decrypted and copied.
Assume the movies could be transmitted over the Internet, but transmission lines and hard drive capacities are not quite advanced enough to make it convenient for a large
556 number of computer owners to obtain the movies.
Assume Internet speeds and storage capacities are expected to increase in the near future to the point that such transmissions could be widely achieved.
And lastly, assume that no material amount of copying or transmission has yet taken place.
Do you understand those assumptions?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Given those assumptions, do you have an opinion as to whether the availability of DeCSS would produce harm?
MR. GARBUS: I would object to the question.
I recognize that an expert witness is allowed to testify on the basis of assumption, but I think that the assumptions have to be more precise than the assumptions that were given to this witness.
For example, words like "near future" and then the whole question of generalizations of Internet capacity. I think that the question is bad as to form in not being precise about the assumptions and it being so generalized as to the assumptions as to render any answer meaningless.
THE COURT: It goes to weight and it's a matter for cross-examination. Overruled.
You may answer.
A. I'm sorry. Could you read back just what the last bit of the question was? I lost it.
557
Q. Given those assumptions, do you have an opinion as to whether the availability of DeCSS would produce harm?
A. Yes.
Q. And what is that opinion?
A. It's my quite strong belief that the answer to that is "yes" and that that harm would begin before copies were actually made.
Q. And what is the basis for that conclusion, sir?
A. Well, the movie companies as the proprietors of the intellectual property involved here plan in various ways how to exploit that property and those plans are forward looking and I could describe them in somewhat more detail, if you wish.
Q. Please do.
A. O.K. Movie companies plan quite carefully about the release of their movies. They release them in various windows of distribution, first to theater, then to airlines, then to hotels and premium cable, then to DVDs and videotapes, then to network television, then to basic cable and television stations, and this set of windows, as they are called, are organized, timed, produced so as to extract in the movie company's opinion the maximum profit from the movies.
Now, in planning to do that and in considering what investments to make as to movies, the movie companies under the assumptions you've given me will have to take into account
558 the quite likely expectation that there will be negligible, probably a substantial number of free, unlicensed copies of DVDs in circulation, if they release movies in DVDs, and they'll have to think about what to do about that.
Either they'll have to let that happen, plan to let that happen, or they will have to not release movies as DVDs. In any event, their plans for the release of movies that they are now making or will make in the near future will be changed. They won't get as much revenue as they would have done. It will not be as profitable for them to invest in movies.
That will change, to some extent, the inputs they choose to put into movies. It will have changed the decision in marginal cases as to whether to accept a movie. It may in some cases -- it will generally force them to take actions which while profit maximizing in the presence of the new constraints that the prospect of unlicensed copies would not have been profit maximizing without it and in that respect, it will change what they do. It will reduce their expected profits. It exposes them to risk. That's a harm.
Q. Now, I'd like to change several of those assumptions. Assume now that copying has taken place and that unauthorized high-quality reproductions of copyrighted DVDs are available on the Internet for free.
Do you have any opinion on whether the availability
559 of such reproductions would cause harm to the owners of the copyright in those films?
MR. GARBUS: I would object to the question on the grounds that when this witness was deposed back on July 6, 2000, and he was asked what he was going to testify to, he talked about testifying on the assumptions that there was no copying.
And I would object to any testimony that implies any kind of copying.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: The witness in that deposition, as I remember, was asked many questions about the harm that would ensue from the complaint of the acts contained in the complaint in this action, and he answered them. And I think that this hypothetical is relative, not to all, but to many of the questions and answers in that deposition.
MR. GARBUS: I object. That's not what this witness' proposed expert testimony was going to be.
THE COURT: Was there ever a Rule 26 statement served with respect to the experts in this case?
MR GOLD: There was a declaration. The way this case has run, everybody has put in an affidavit from their expert.
MR. GARBUS: That's not entirely so. We have served with respect to Mr. Fisher, an affidavit in the case. We have received from other witnesses, including our own
560 declarations -- they're supposed to conform. We've never received any document from Mr. Fisher, other than the affidavit he submitted on the motions.
So, there has been no document submitted by Mr. Fisher. All we have is his deposition testimony which was based on conversations he had with Mr. Hart which dealt with his testimony on the basis that there was no copying.
THE COURT: What part of the deposition are you relying on, Mr. Garbus? Do you have the page?
And someone please give me a copy.
MR. GARBUS: He says at page 9 --
THE COURT: I will read it for myself. I would just like to see it.
So, it's page 9, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: Page 9, line -- the very top of the answer.
MR GOLD: The declaration of Franklin Fisher I have is in six pages or five and a quarter.
THE COURT: Just let me do one thing at a time, Mr. Gold, please.
MR. GARBUS: And then, again, at page 17, he's answering at line 13, we went again over my position on the question of damage, if there was not copying.
THE COURT: Page 17?
MR. GARBUS: Yes. It's the long answer.
561
THE COURT: And what about the part on page 11 where the examiner for the defendant, whoever that may have been said:
"Q. And that's the basis of your testimony here today basically on the assumptions that there is no copying?"
And the witness answered: "I don't think the basis of my testimony -- I am prepared to testify either on the assumption that there is copying or on the assumptions that there isn't, but I don't know for a fact whether there is or is not."
What about that?
MR. GARBUS: I think that what he said was that he was going to testify on the basis of no copying. I recognize how the answer that he gave me affects that. But he was specifically offered, as it says at page 9 and page 17, on the grounds of no copying had taken place.
562
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, in addition to the portion of the deposition transcript you've read, page 56 of his declaration says, at paragraph 11, "I'm less in serious disagreement with professor Kurlantzick if it is his opinion that the availability of an authorized product for free on the Internet will not have a substantial market impact upon those companies which are in the business of producing and distributing feature films."
THE COURT: The objection is overruled. The defense was clearly on notice.
Q. Professor Fisher, the question is: Assume now that copying has taken place and that unauthorized time quality reproductions of copyrighted films are available on the Internet for free. Do you have any opinion on whether the availability of such reproductions would cause harm to the owners of the copyright in those films?
A. Indeed I do.
Q. And what is that opinion, sir?
A. I think it would cause harm in several ways. The most obvious way has to do with the sale of DVDs. We are talking about a situation in which unlicensed copies are available free. People who would otherwise have bought DVDs at fairly high prices, in the roughly $25, a little less, will now have the option of getting those same things or essentially the same things at zero. It's not difficult to figure out that
563 people would prefer to buy at zero rather than buy at a higher price. The result of that would be that revenues from the sale of the DVDs to the movie companies will go way down, they will have to either cut the prices of DVDs very substantially or not sell DVDs at all. That's apart from the DVDs that have already been made and can no longer, as it were, be withheld. There will be other effects as well.
Q. What would that be, sir?
A. People who would otherwise have bought or rented videotapes will now have the option of instead acquiring movies at essentially a zero after they -- some of them will of course have to acquire a DVD player. Given that option, one would expect sales and rentals of movies, videotapes of movies also to decrease.
In addition, there will be some more effects. As I mentioned before, movies are released through a series of windows, and those windows are staggered in time quite deliberately. If copying becomes widespread, and unlicensed free copies of movies circulate a good deal, then by the time the movies are released to ordinary network television and then further there are likely to be more people who have seen them, and seen them incidentally for free, which is why there will be more people, that would make the audience for those movies on network television lower than it would otherwise have been and make the movies less valuable to the networks
564 and then again to the later uses, and that in turn will reduce what networks and other television broadcasters or cable casters are willing to pay for movie rights.
There may in addition be an effect, as it were, earlier in time than that. That has to do with the following:
People deciding to go to the movie theater or to watch movies on premium cable or on Pay-Per-View now have to make the decision should we pay the price to go to the movie theater or should we pay the price either to subscribe to a premium service or to watch Pay-Per-View, and they do that presumably because -- aside from the fact they might like the experience of going to the movie theaters -- they are choosing doing that now or waiting for a later release when the movie becomes available on videotape or on DVD, and then still later on free television.
At present, without copies, they are making that decision based on the fact that in order to get the movie when it is released on DVD or videotapes, you have to pay something for it. In the circumstance of free copying, free unlicensed copying of DVDs, they are going to have that decision maybe somewhat altered. Instead of saying, well, I go to the movies now or I can wait, but if I wait I'll either have to wait a long time or I'll have to pay something, they will be saying, well, I can go to the movies now and pay or I can wait, but if I wait the movie will be available free and rather earlier
565 than it used to be. And that will tend to shift decisions somewhat at least in favor of waiting. That will make movies less valuable for premium cable, it will make movies less valuable for theatrical exhibition, although I don't think the effect I'm talking about now -- of course, I don't think that's the largest effect. This one is somewhat indirect.
I might also mention that effect will take some time to work itself out simply because premium cable companies tend to contract for and pay for movies before they are even produced.
Q. Professor Fisher, would your opinion that the availability of free unauthorized copies of film on the Internet would have a negative effect on sales, licensing and distribution, hold if the free copies were of a lesser quality than the authorized copies?
A. Yes, it would. Let me explain. On the one hand, obviously in some limited case it can't hold. If the copies were so bad that they were unwatchable, then there might as well not be any copies at all. Now we are talking -- I assume we are not talking about that. I assume we are talking about some degradation in quality relative to the original DVD, less than that.
There is large literature, maybe only medium-sized literature, in economics about how one adjusts prices for quality and about the tradeoff of quality changes in prices.
566 I have contributed somewhat to it, but I'm certainly not the primary person. And I think it is well established and not difficult to understand that you can think of a "good at a given price with lower quality" as equivalent to a "good with higher quality at a lower price." Or put it differently, a degradation in quality is like an increase in price.
People instead of paying in money pay in what economists call utility for the degradation in quality. Therefore, I think the right way to think about this is that a lower quality copy available free would be the equivalent not of having the original at a zero price but of having the original at perhaps only a very low price, and while that might tend to moderate the effect a bit, it certainly wouldn't change them in substance.
Q. Professor Fisher, you have mentioned that movies are timed and released to different segments of the market at different times. Why is that?
A. It's because the willingness of people to pay to see movies differs depending on how long the movie has been out, the circumstances in which it has been out, how much it has been exposed and so forth. People who will pay to see a movie in the theater on first release are paying fairly high ticket prices. That wouldn't be true -- in other words, they wouldn't pay the same high ticket prices if the movie had already been visible to them in lots of other forms, except
567 for rather special movies. I know people go to see Gone With The Wind every time it comes around, but that's at least an unusual case.
Now, the movie companies take advantage of this by offering licenses to their property at different times and at different prices, in different modes of exhibition, to try to capture revenues from the people who are willing to pay a high price and then capture other revenues that come directly or indirectly from people who aren't willing to pay that price but are interested in seeing the movie later on and so on.
Q. Will the DeCSS hack of DVDs cause or have any impact on the studio's right to determine when and in what format the film should be distributed?
MR. GARBUS: Object to the form of the question.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form.
Q. Do you have an understanding as to whether the studios now carefully time their distribution?
A. They absolutely do.
Q. And how will the circulation or the availability of free decrypted DVDs via the Internet affect the studio's decisions about timing of release in different segments of the market?
A. Well, as I've already said, once the movie gets copied on DVD its value in later uses goes down, because people can watch it for free, and one presumes that many will.
568
The prospect that the movie will be copied on DVD also reduces the extent to which people will pay in theaters. I don't know quite which way this will go, but I think that would mean either an adjustment in prices in the various forms of release or an accelerated release schedule, less time in movies, possibly earlier exhibition on free television, less time in premium television. I don't know, but it will change that rather crucial set of decisions.
Q. Do you know whether the movie studios are currently distributing movies via the Internet?
A. I do not know for sure that they are actually doing that.
Q. Let's assume that the studios are now considering entering the market for Internet-distributed motion picture content. Using that assumption, what would be your opinion as a matter of economic analysis as to whether that market would or wouldn't be harmed by the free availability of copyrighted motion picture content on the Internet?
A. Look, that's an easy one. If there is widespread copying and distribution of copies of movies once they go on DVDs, and if the movie companies continue to issue DVDs, the movie company's ability to extract payment for distributing themselves movies on the Internet is going to be highly reduced, they are going to be competing, as it were, with free copies of themselves.
Q. In your opinion would purchasing behavior be affected over
569 time by the no-cost availability of movies on the Internet?
A. Yes, I do think so. Once things become available for free, particularly, I don't think exclusively, but particularly on the Internet, people come to expect that they will continue to be available for free. It won't be a novelty after a while. People will regard this as a regular way to obtain movies. They will plan for it, as it were, in considering whether to go to theaters or whether to buy licensed copies.
Q. In your opinion, would the availability of free unauthorized copies of films likely stimulate interest in films, causing an increase in sales?
A. Well, you have to be careful. It depends what you mean by sales. If you mean by sales will it cause more people to watch movies overall, the answer is it might. But if you mean by sales will it increase the revenues of movie companies, the answer is of course it won't increase the revenues of movie companies. There will be people who watch movies for free, who would not have watched them when they had to pay. That taken alone would be an increase in viewership but it surely wouldn't be an increase in revenue.
There will also be people who watch the movies for free that they would otherwise have paid to watch. Directly or indirectly, that will certainly be a decrease in revenue.
Q. Dr. Einhorn in his deposition transcript took the position
570 that the availability of free unauthorized DVD movies on the Internet could lead more consumers to buy DVD players, which in turn could lead those same consumers to buy more authorized DVD movies, which would result in a net gain or at least no net loss to the movie industry.
What is your opinion concerning that position?
A. I think a polite word is fantasy. Look, I should have mentioned this in connection with my previous answer as well, there is a presumption that I hold and I think any reasonable person holds: The movie companies understand their own business.
I would start out by saying I suppose they understand it better than Dr. Einhorn does and better than I do. And if the movie companies really thought that was true, the movie companies would be encouraging in the first instance perhaps unauthorized copies -- which they're certainly not doing -- and in the second they would be promoting the distribution of DVD players. Now they may decide to do that. If they do that, they will do it in ways that they consider brings them the most benefit. But I think it escapes belief to suppose that unauthorized copying is going to lead to increased profits for the movie companies.
People who use the DVD players acquire those DVD players and in this circumstance are acquiring them precisely to watch free copies. They are not going to acquire them
571 because they want to pay a lot of money to watch the originals. That doesn't make any sense.
Q. Do you have any knowledge about the markets for computer operating systems?
A. Oh, more than you want to know.
Q. In paragraph 11 of his declaration, Dr. Einhorn states, "If priced in open sourced fashion, a LiViD player will be made freely available to home PCs using any operating system. This could maximize the base of enabled users and promote the sales of DVDs far beyond any other event." Do you agree with that statement?
A. I do not.
Q. Why not?
A. Well, a LiViD player is a DVD player for Linux. Now, there are a couple of things to say about this. One is Linux is and I think for the foreseeable future surely will be a system which is used by a relatively small minority, an operating system used by a relatively small minority of computer users. I'm talking about individuals and desktop computer users, not servers, and I think there are good reasons for that.
Secondly, you have to realize that LiViD players would not be a net gain in viewership or a very large net gain in viewership in any event. Operating systems don't view movies. People view movies. Well, I know some peculiar
572 people and I am related to some of them. I want to make clear I'm not criticizing any general set, but people typically don't buy DVD players so that they can play them on a particular operating system, except if they are interested directly in the technology. People buy DVD players because they want to watch movies.
Now, it happens that almost everybody -- I don't think it's everybody, but it's very widespread -- almost everybody who has a computer who will run Linux, has a computer that will run Windows, and therefore those same people are able to watch DVD movies without having a LiViD player. They just don't have to watch them on Linux.
I should also mention -- perhaps I already did -- that if it were true that the availability of LiViD players was going to mean a great increase in sales for the movie companies, I mean dollar sales, then the movie companies would be promoting it, and they indeed may be promoting the creation and sales of LiViD players but of course they would be doing it under conditions of licensing involving the exploitation for money of their intellectual property instead of the giving away of it free.
Q. Turning to Dr. Einhorn again. In paragraph 12 of his declaration he states as follows, "Efforts that hinder the development of open source operating systems play into the hands of Microsoft, which illegally restricts competitive
573 access to its closed operating platform."
Do you agree with that conclusion?
A. No.
Q. Why not?
A. Well, in the first place it is not true that the findings in the Microsoft case are that Microsoft illegally restricts access to its closed platform. There are of course extensive findings that Microsoft did commit illegal acts, but those aren't it.
Secondly, it's true that Microsoft's monopoly power, now found to have been illegal, is protected by something called in the Microsoft case the applications barriered entry, which I won't go into in detail unless somebody wants me to. This has to do with a natural phenomenon in which many, many, many more applications are written for Windows than for anything else. Linux suffers in its competition with Microsoft from the disadvantages of the applications barriered entry. Indeed, one of the commercial purveyors of Linux had to pay software developers to write word processing programs for Linux, programs of the sort that get written for free for Windows. Okay.
Now, I don't believe it's true that -- I hope I'm wrong -- I don't believe it's true that Linux is going to succeed in becoming an all-out competitor to Microsoft. That will depend in large part on what remedies there finally are
574 in the Microsoft case. And remedies in that case are a very complicated matter. And I certainly don't believe that the availability of LiViD players is going to be of giant help in that. It will be of some help.
Every application that's written for Linux makes Linux a more interesting system, but it strikes me as simply bizarre to suppose that one ought to permit unlicensed copying in the hopes that this will provide an answer to the problems in Microsoft. You might as well take that to extremes and observe that if one were to cancel all copyright of its software, that would take care of quite nicely a good deal of the Microsoft problem, but it doesn't sound like a remedy that, how shall I put it, is set up to fit the problem.
Q. Do you recall that the first economic expert opinion that you read of defendants' expert was that of a professor Kurlantzick, a law professor at University of Connecticut?
A. I do.
Q. The defendants have chosen not to call him to the stand.
THE COURT: The problem, Dr. Fisher, is you are about two inches too close to the microphone and it swallows some of your words.
THE WITNESS: I'm sorry.
Q. In professor Kurlantzick's declaration --
THE COURT: Mr. Gold, he is not going to testify, is that right?
575
MR. GOLD: We are told he is not.
MR. GARBUS: He is not.
THE COURT: Is the substantial equivalent of whatever he said in his declaration going to be offered by the defendants?
MR. GARBUS: It will be.
THE COURT: It will be. All right, go ahead.
Q. In that declaration Professor Kurlantzick states --
MR. GARBUS: He is not listed as a witness. I don't know if the Court would then receive his affidavit. If the Court would not receive his affidavit, then the question is improper. In other words, we knew he was not going to testify so we had not anticipated putting his affidavit in, so I think the more precise answer to your question will be that he will not be a witness and, therefore, his affidavit would not be admissible.
THE COURT: And I understood all that. The next question was whether through somebody else you will offer the substantial equivalent of what you offered previously.
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
THE COURT: You will. So, I will let the witness go ahead and answer it, but in the first place we will take a 15 minute break for the afternoon, and I will ask Anna to speak to Mr. Young to tell him what I said before about his request.
576
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, there was to be a witness named Eric Burns, but the parties have just now worked out a stipulation, and we will be designating portions of his deposition. He would like to come into the room and watch.
THE COURT: Any problem?
MR. ATLAS: No problem.
THE COURT: Bring him in. Okay, Mr. Gold. DIRECT EXAMINATION Continued
Q. Professor Fisher, we go back to the declaration of Professor Kurlantzick, and within paragraph 3 he stated as follows:
"A common error in assessing the financial effects of unauthorized reproduction is the positing of a one-to-one ratio between acts of copying and displaced sales. That is, the assumption is that each pirate sale and instance of home recording of music, for example, represents a lost sale by the original record company. But that assumption is erroneous and contrary to accepted microeconomic principles. If it costs a person less to reproduce a recording than it does to purchase on the original, it does not follow that a person who home records will necessarily purchase the record if the home recording option is available. The willingness to pay $2 for a product, whether a quart of orange juice or a musical tape does not necessarily indicate a willingness to pay $6 for that
577 product."
Do you agree with that conclusion?
A. Well, I do and I don't.
Q. Could you explain, sir.
A. Okay. I don't know whether it's a common error to posit a one-for-one ratio. I haven't seen it. In any case it's not my error. My conclusions certainly don't depend on that.
It is perfectly true economic analysis, and common sense suggests it, that if there are copies available for free whereas before there were only originals available at a price of 20 some dollars, that some of the people who take the copies for free would not have paid the 20 some dollars in any event.
But the important fact is that economic analysis also assures us that a number of people who paid $20 previously will now take the copies for free. Before there was one store to which they could go and buy things for $20 and it was that or nothing, and some people went in and some people didn't. Now there are two stores, one offering for $20 and one offering substantially the same thing for zero. It doesn't take much to figure out that among the people who go into the zero priced store are going to be people who would have gone into the $20 store.
MR. GOLD: Thank you. I have no further questions, your Honor.
578
THE COURT: Thank you, Mr. Gold. Mr. Garbus.
Q. Professor Fisher, how much are you being paid for your time here today?
A. I'm being paid my current standard commercial rate, which is $900 an hour.
Q. And how many hours have you thus far spent on this case?
A. Up to today, approximately 16.
Q. Now, is it fair to say that during the first half of the year you made approximately $300,000 as a result of testifying in cases?
A. No, I believe I told you at deposition that with some uncertainty I thought I made about $300,000 in connection with cases involved in litigation, not in testifying in them necessarily.
Q. How much did you make last year in connection with testifying? Do you recall your estimate of $600,000?
A. I don't. I do recall my estimate. I have no reason to think it was either righter or wronger than I told you then. It's roughly right.
Q. $600,000 last year?
A. In connection with litigation, not necessarily in connection with testifying.
Q. And in the previous five years, your average also was
579 $600,000, was it not, in connection with your work in litigation?
A. Again, I think that's what I told you at deposition. I don't mean to change it now. I wasn't certain then, I'm not particularly certain now, but it's roughly of that order of magnitude.
Q. And are you involved with a company called Charles River Associates?
A. I am indeed.
Q. And did that company earn last year approximately $35 million for its work in preparation for litigation and servicing lawyers?
A. In connection with litigation. That's got to be roughly right.
Q. Are you a shareholder in that corporation?
A. I am.
Q. Are you a chairman of the board in that corporation?
A. Yes, I am.
Q. Have there been any cases in which you have testified where the court has totally disregarded your testimony?
A. There have been --
Q. Just answer yes or no.
A. Totally disregard?
Q. Yes.
A. No.
580
Q. Disregarded much of your testimony?
A. If you want simply a yes or no answer, I think the answer is no. I think the answer may be becoming somewhat misleading.
Q. At your deposition, reading now at page 38 -- start at page 37. Do you recall these questions and answers? And I am just reading some preliminary questions: "Q. These are cases in which you are quoted or cited. And could you tell me which one of the two." Then there is an objection by Mr. Hart -- "A. Well, I believe all the cases I described now are cases I testified in; and so the opinion says something about me. No, I don't remember beyond that. I do remember some of them. Both Polaroid v. Kodak and CBS v. ASCAP discussed my testimony specifically -- not favorably on the whole; and the others I don't remember. "Q. When you say 'not favorably,' can you be more specific? "A. Sure. Well, I can't be -- I mean, I can be more specific, but I can't group the two of them. So I will need to describe each one of them separately. In CBS v. ASCAP, 1973, I testified at considerable length for CBS. And in part the judge's findings of fact turned on the question of whether ASCAP members -- if CBS dropped its so-called blanket license -- would have lined up to do business with CBS. It
581 was my view they would not for reasons I am happy to go into, but probably that would take us too far afield.
"Cross-examination of me was really quite successful. It consisted very largely of ASCAP's lawyer asking me if I ever talked to a songwriter; and I observed that I had not, partly because they were, in fact, the defendants, in effect; and the judge made much of this and disregarded much of my testimony on the grounds that I had never talked to a songwriter.
"In Polaroid v. Kodak I was a damage witness, and I put forward a quite elaborate model of damages for Polaroid, which I still think was quite correct. The judge in that case essentially -- I think what happened there was he essentially -- he found for Polaroid, by the way, and quite a big award, but he decided what he thought the award should be; and in order to get there, had to disregarded the testimony of every expert, including me; and he thereupon went out and disregarded the testimony of every expert, including me; and he said so, both sides."
Then you continue somewhat.
Did you give that answer to that question?
A. Sure I did. And I was thinking of those answers when I told you that just saying yes or no would be misleading.
Q. Now, how many other cases are you involved in at the present moment?
582
A. Somewhere between ten and 12. That includes all cases that I'm no longer involved in and that I don't know are dead, but some of those would be cases on which no work has been done for a couple of years.
Q. You and I discussed at some length -- by the way, have you done any studies since your deposition of July 6, 2000?
A. In this case?
Q. Yes.
A. No.
Q. Have you prepared any studies at all of your own of any analysis of the movie industry for the purpose of your testimony in this case?
A. No.
Q. Do you know the number of DVDs that were sold, let's say, in the year 1999?
A. I do not.
Q. Do you know the number of DVDs that were sold, that are expected to be sold in the year 2000?
A. I do not.
Q. Do you have any idea of any of the DVDs that were sold in the last five years or anticipated being sold in the next five years?
A. I do not. That's why I said -- that's why I was asked to and I said I would testify on the basis of assumptions. I haven't made any separate fact studies.
583
Q. Now, when you say you haven't made any fact studies, tell me about these 16 hours. Did you speak to anybody at the studios?
A. Other than counsel, no.
Q. Did you call anybody at the MPAA for any information about sales, piracy, loss of sales due to piracy, or different ways in which piracy is accomplished?
A. No.
Q. Did you call anybody at any of the studios to learn any facts for either the last five years or the projected five years concerning sales, loss of sales, piracy, the relationship between piracy and cost?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I am going to object. It was very clear from Mr. Fisher's direct testimony exactly what he relied upon and, therefore, exactly what he didn't.
THE COURT: I know. Look, I don't know why we have the witness in the first place. You have basically called the equivalent of the world's leading expert on physical chemistry to testify that under the laws of physics and chemistry if you drive an ice pick into an inflated automobile tire the air will come out, and the cross-examination is designed to prove that that opinion did not involve looking at anybody driving an ice pick into the tire.
I understand that. This is all wonderful. I mean I don't know that we needed an expert witness to say that all
584 things being equal if you give the stuff away for free some number of people who previously paid for it maybe won't pay for it in the future.
MR. GOLD: As always I think your Honor has much to say on the subject that is truthful and right, but I wish very much that the motion on damages and the in limine motions were granted, because I thought we could dispose of any foreseeable factual issue in less than a day and a half. And I tried.
THE COURT: I still have my reservations about whether there are very many factual issues in this case.
MR. GOLD: Well, you know our position, but I felt that put us in somewhat of a bind. People wanted assurances.
THE COURT: I am no more complaining about you calling the witness than I am complaining about Mr. Garbus asking these questions. You are both doing what you think you have to do. If either one of you thinks it is moving me in either direction, I invite you to think about the car tire and the ice pick.
MR. GOLD: We did try to do it in less than 40 minutes, which is in my experience the usual.
THE COURT: Go ahead, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: I'm trying to think about the tire and the ice pick.
THE COURT: Good.
MR. GARBUS: Can I have five minutes to think about
585 the tire and the ice pick?
THE COURT: No, just do the cross-examination.
MR. GARBUS: Okay.
THE COURT: That's not intended in any way to cast any aspersions on the witness who is just here doing what he was asked to do.
THE WITNESS: Your Honor, I have never before been called the world's greatest expert on physical chemistry.
THE COURT: I didn't call you that either.
Q. So your testimony of 16 hours at $900, that costs the plaintiff about 13 or $14,000 if my addition is correct?
THE COURT: Do you need a Ph.D. for that, Mr. Garbus, to multiply 16 times nine?
MR. GARBUS: I went to the High School of Science and I was bad in math.
THE COURT: You are up to it, Mr. Garbus. Next question.
Q. Who contacted you about this case?
A. I was first contacted by Mark Litvak who is an attorney for the Motion Picture Association.
Q. Isn't it a fact, by the way -- do you know anything about the growth of Linux in the United States?
A. I know some things about it, yes.
Q. Isn't it growing at roughly 30 percent a year?
586
A. On desktops?
Q. Yes.
A. That would exceed the numbers I've seen.
Q. And with respect to their entire sales of desktops and word processors, can you tell me?
A. It's not desktops and word processors. It's desktops and servers. Servers are growing fast. I don't know what the rate is, but they are very successful on servers.
Q. Have you seen articles recently about China and the Linux system?
A. I'm aware very recently of an article that said that China has decided to adopt Linux.
Q. A lot of people in China?
A. There are a lot of people in China. Most of them I shouldn't think buy $25 DVDs.
Q. Do you know how many Linux systems right now are being sold in China?
A. I do not.
Q. Do you know of any other country that is backing any other operating system?
A. No, I don't.
Q. Professor Fisher, do you recall testifying in your deposition about the circumstances of your affidavit?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. And you remember you said you signed the affidavit in a
587 hurry?
A. Yes.
Q. Now, can you tell the Court why you signed the affidavit in a hurry?
A. Because it was due.
Q. When did they call you to become an expert in this case?
A. About a week before it was due, I think, a week to ten days.
Q. And who called you?
A. Mr. Litvak in the first instance, and then Mr. Litvak and Mr. Hart, and I'm not quite sure whether Mr. Hart was on the first conversation, but if not he was on almost immediately.
Q. And do you recall testifying that prior to the time you signed the affidavit you had spent a total of three hours on the case?
A. Yes.
Q. So, you gave an opinion in an affidavit for this case based on three hours. What did you do in those three hours to help form an opinion in this case?
A. I thought --
Q. You thought a lot.
A. I'm not finished.
Q. Excuse me.
A. When I would like you to finish my sentences, I'll ask you. I thought about what economic analysis had to say, and
588 that wasn't really very difficult. I did some writing of portions of the affidavit along those lines. I read the declarations of defendants' experts and decided quite quickly that there wasn't any need, they weren't very long and most of them weren't about economics anyway, and what they had to say about economics was easy to discuss, and I said what I thought about that. This wasn't exactly a difficult task.
Q. Did you tell Mr. Hart that an economist wasn't needed to testify in this case?
A. My first reaction to Mr. Litvak actually, or Mr. Litvak and Mr. Hart, the way they posed the question, which wasn't quite the way I came to think about it, which is it didn't quite have to did with economics, but then when I checked with my company Charles River Associates for conflicts and I thought some more about this, and I thought that wasn't true, that economists do in fact have something to say about this.
Q. I don't want to be repetitive, but let me just ask you one question. In those three hours did you look at any one statistic coming out of the movie industry?
A. No.
Q. Now, have you ever seen Mr. Kurlantzick's testimony which is cited by the Ninth Circuit in the Rio case?
A. I have not.
Q. Has your testimony with your name on it specifically ever been cited in any case, in all the cases you have testified
589 to?
A. Well, you just --
Q. Your name.
A. You just pointed out it has been cited twice.
Q. Favorably.
A. I don't recall that it -- my testimony, as opposed to some other things I've written -- have been cited favorably, although in at least one rather important case and also in others the court's opinions have tracked the testimony fairly closely.
Q. Let me ask you the question again. Has your name ever been cited with respect to any testimony that you have ever given in any case over the last 20 years?
A. Favorably?
Q. Yes.
A. I do not recall specific citation of my name, no.
Q. Is the answer no?
A. I think I've told you twice now.
Q. Now, when you had this conversation about whether any copying had taken place, who was it who said to you we might want you to testify on the basis that no copying had taken place?
A. Mr. Litvak, but I don't think he said -- I'm sorry.
Q. Tell me what he said. I don't want to misstate it.
A. I don't think we discussed specifically whether copying
590 had taken place. I think the question that was posed to me was if I assumed that no copying had yet taken place, would it still be the case that there was harm.
Q. Did you ask him if they had any proof of any copying?
A. No, I wasn't asked that.
Q. So, you get the call. By the way, who did the first draft of this affidavit?
A. Mr. Hart did the first draft after substantial conversation with me.
Q. So, let me see if I understand what happens in this three hours from the time you first get called until the time this affidavit is created, which is a six page affidavit. Tell me how it works.
A. Okay.
Q. By then do you have the documents in the case?
A. By when?
Q. At the time that you are drafting your first affidavit.
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I'm not sure -- I think that's a misstatement of the testimony.
MR. GARBUS: Let me ask it again.
THE COURT: I think it is.
Q. Tell me what happens during those three hours from the time you are retained until the time the affidavit is created.
A. I had a preliminary conversation with Mr. Litvak, and then with Mr. Litvak and Mr. Hart, about what economics might
591 apply.
Q. By the way, do you have time sheets?
A. If you mean do I have records? I do have records of how much time was spent on particular days. I do not have records of what was done during that time.
MR. GARBUS: We had asked for those records. I don't know, because Mr. Hernstadt is not here, whether or not they were produced. Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: No. It might be one of my overnight assignments to prove the things you have in your file.
THE COURT: Oh, Mr. Gold, enough already, really, from both sides and from the witness. I'm referring to the comment about finishing sentences.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, may I approach the bench?
THE COURT: Yes.
Q. I give you Defendants' Exhibit AYX. It has some scribbling at the top which has nothing to do with the exhibit. I don't know if the original has scribbling or not. I recognize the scribbling is my handwriting which is totally unrelated to it.
Mr. Fisher, you testified in the Microsoft case as an antitrust expert?
A. Yes.
Q. Were you asked in this case to testify in the antitrust areas?
592
A. No.
Q. Take a look at your affidavit. How many years did you teach at MIT?
A. 40.
Q. And look at the number on the third paragraph of the first page of the affidavit. What is that number?
A. 3.
Q. What number generally follows after 3?
A. 4.
Q. What is the number of the next paragraph?
A. Unfortunately there has been a glitch and it says 2. There is a repetition of the numbers 2 and 3.
Q. Now, when you say unfortunately there is a glitch, did you read this affidavit before you signed it?
A. Of course I read it.
Q. Now, look at the indentation at pages 5 and 6. It's a different indentation, is it not, than the other pages in the affidavit.
A. It is.
Q. And were these documents signed on separate papers? Pardon me. Were these affidavits --
THE COURT: There is only one affidavit.
Q. Was this affidavit sent to you in several pieces?
A. No, I had the whole affidavit when I signed it.
Q. Are you aware of the -- do you know Mr. David Boies?
593
A. I do.
Q. Have you seen any of the reports or studies that have been filed in the Napster case?
A. I have not.
Q. Are you aware of any studies that have been filed by the Digital Media Association with respect to the effect of illegal copying of either movies or audio on sales?
A. No.
Q. Do you know of the report of Professor Fayder that has been filed in the Napster case concerning the relationship between sales and piracy?
A. I do not.
Q. Do you know of the report filed by the Annenberg Center at the University of Southern California on the relationship between piracy and increased sales?
A. In the Napster case?
Q. Yes.
A. I don't. I've already told you I don't know of any of the reports.
Q. Putting those reports aside, prior to coming here today have you looked at any report ever created relating specifically to the movie industry and the effect of illegal copying and sales?
A. No.
Q. You mentioned all the books you have written and all the
594 articles you have written, is that right?
A. By number.
Q. Have you ever written a book specifically dealing with the relationship between piracy or illegal copying in the movie industry and sales?
A. No.
Q. And would your answer be the same if I asked you with respect to have you ever written an article specifically dealing with the effects of piracy or copying and sales?
A. Yes, my answer would be the same.
Q. Now, do you know that Professor Kurlantzick who you spoke about before had testified in the Rio case in California?
A. No.
Q. Did you know that both the trial court and the Ninth Circuit had cited the exact same testimony that you have just been asked about by Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: Objection, your Honor.
THE COURT: Sustained as to form at least.
Q. Do you know who Professor Kurlantzick is?
A. Only from reading his declaration in this case.
Q. Did you ever make any attempt to find out anything about his background?
A. No.
Q. To your knowledge, has he ever testified in any cases involving the relationship between copying and sales in the
595 record history?
A. I don't know.
Q. Now, have you ever heard of Professor Einhorn?
A. No, never.
Q. Have you ever read any articles that Professor Kurlantzick has written about the relationship between piracy or illegal copying and sales?
A. No.
MR. GOLD: Objection, your Honor, no foundation.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Q. Do you know if he has?
A. No.
Q. Do you know if Professor Einhorn has ever written any articles about the relationship between sales and illegal copying?
A. No.
Q. Do you know who Barbara Simon is?
A. I read her declaration, and while I forget at the moment what her position is, my recollection is she is with a nonprofit group.
Q. Now, do you know who Professor Abelson is at Princeton -- pardon me -- at MIT?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to this line. Abelson is a computer assistant professor at Princeton, and we could go through --
596
MR. GARBUS: I withdraw it.
Q. You were asked in your assumption to make certain assumptions about Internet speeds. Have you ever written any articles specifically related to the sending of movies over the Internet?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever seen a DVD movie, period?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever seen or has anyone ever asked you to see a movie that was allegedly transmitted that had been deencrypted through DeCSS?
A. No.
Q. Is there any way that you can have a position on the difference in the quality between two things that you haven't seen?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, I object to the question.
THE COURT: Sustained. He didn't offer any opinion on that subject.
MR. GARBUS: Your Honor, I don't think I'll be too long.
Q. Do you know what an individual demand curve is?
A. Yes.
Q. Do you know what a market demand curve is?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you try and prepare any of those curves prior to your
597 testimony here today concerning the movie industry or any individual buyer of DVDs?
A. I thought about the properties of those curves, but I certainly didn't try empirically to estimate.
Q. Now isn't it true that at a zero price there are many people who will get a DVD where they would not pay 10, 12 or $15 for it, and that it therefore doesn't affect their particular buying of the product?
A. A, yes, it is certainly true that there would be some such people. I don't know how many. B, yes, it is true that it doesn't affect people buying the product on DVDs, although it might affect the question of whether they are interested in watching it in other windows of release.
MR. GARBUS: This will just be the last question I think, although I'm not sure.
Q. I presume no one ever told you that there was one single sale that's been lost thus far as a result of DeCSS.
A. Sir, is it a question whether somebody ever told me that?
Q. Yes.
A. No, nobody ever told me that.
Q. Did you ask anyone at the Proskauer firm before you testified here today whether or not you could see any studies or any statistics that the movie industry had put together concerning illegal copying and sales?
MR. GOLD: I object, your Honor. It lacks
598 foundation.
THE COURT: Overruled. Answer if you can, please.
A. No, I didn't. I saw no need for that.
Q. Now, with respect to the first affidavit, how was the affidavit signed? In person? In fax?
A. I signed it -- first of all there is only one.
Q. Yes.
A. I signed it in person, I sent a faxed copy to Mr. Hart, and then I sent by I think it's express mail the entire affidavit and the original signature of Mr. Hart.
Q. So that was three hours. And you say you have worked a total of I think 16 hours?
A. Yes.
Q. Tell me where the other 16 hours come from?
A. Well, I good deal.
MR. GOLD: The mathematics are wrong.
Q. Where did the other 13 hours come from?
A. Well, I spent a good many of them with you at the deposition.
Q. It was a pleasure.
A. It was for me. And I spent some time in preparation for that deposition.
Q. How much time did you spend in preparation for the deposition?
A. A couple hours. The question -- I'm sorry.
599
Q. Pardon me. That's with Mr. Hart and Mr. Proskauer?
THE COURT: Mr. Proskauer hasn't been with us for a long time.
Q. That's with Mr. Hart?
THE COURT: I thought we were getting into a new area of expertise.
A. Yes, it was with Mr. Hart.
Q. So that was how long? Two hours for the deposition?
A. Yes, there was some travel time to get to the deposition and back.
Q. You came down from Cape Cod?
A. We like to think of it as up, but, yes.
Q. So you charged them for the time that it took you to come down from Cape Cod for your deposition, is that right?
A. Yes.
Q. And then you were prepared for your testimony here.
A. Yes.
Q. And how long did that take?
A. I had several conversations in the last couple of days, and I would say in total those took about two or three hours, maybe less, about two hours. That was before today.
Q. Did you at any time call any other economists who had ever done any research either in the movie industry or the record industry?
A. No.
600
Q. Did you at any time buy a book that deals with sales in the movie industry?
MR. GOLD: Your Honor, that lacks foundation. I'm not sure there is --
THE COURT: Sustained. Sustained.
Q. Do you know of any books that deal with the question of sales in the movie industry?
A. In the sense you mean, no, I don't.
Q. Did you go to the MPAA site at any time? By the way, do you go on the Internet?
A. From time to time.
Q. And do you know about Internet speeds?
A. I'm sorry. "From time to time" makes it sound as though it's infrequent. It's not infrequent.
Q. And do you know what Internet speeds are let's say with respect to whatever your computer connection is?
A. I know generally. I don't know that I know very precisely. Between my wife and me we have about four computers that we use for this purpose, so they are at different speeds.
Q. You are not an expert though, are you, on Internet speeds on computers or within universities.
A. Well, I know some things about them, and some of those things I know from the Microsoft case, but, no, I would not consider myself to be a specific expert on that subject.
601
Q. Thank you. Have you ever testified in a case involving -- and I'm not talking about copyright -- in a case involving illegal copying of movies, videos, cassettes or DVDs?
A. No.
Q. Have you ever testified in a case involving fair use issues?
A. I don't think so.
Q. Have you ever read any academic study -- pardon me -- are there any academic studies that you know of concerning the relationship between illegal copying and price?
A. I shouldn't think so.
Q. In any event, you haven't read any that you know of?
A. No, I do know of some issues in the Microsoft case relating to illegal copying and price, but those aren't academic studies.
MR. GARBUS: Excuse me. Can I hear that again?
Q. Did you look for any academic studies at any time prior to the time you came here to testify concerning the relationship between illegal copying and price?
MR. GOLD: I think that lacks foundation, your Honor.
THE COURT: I think we have pretty much exhausted this line of inquiry, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: I will just be very brief and just ask a few other questions.
602
Q. One of the cases you are testifying in is the Walmart case, is that right?
A. Let me be precise. I have given a deposition in the Walmart case. Against Visa and Mastercard, a class action case, I expect to testify.
Q. And in that case the fee was $800 an hour?
A. Yes, that was my regular fee for cases up until about nine months ago.
Q. Have you -- withdrawn. I think this will be the last.
603
Q. By the way, do you know what a blank DVD disk costs?
A. We had some discussion of that at my deposition, other than the information exchanged there, I do not know.
Q. Do you know what a regular DVD costs that's not blank?
A. I'm told that it could cost roughly $25.
Q. Have you ever bought one?
A. No.
Q. Did you ever look at any of the license agreements in this case -- withdrawn.
Were you shown any documents in this case other than the affidavits you've previously referred to?
THE COURT: Asked and answered.
He described in detail earlier what he looked at.
MR. GARBUS: I have no further questions.
THE COURT: Mr. Garbus, I just want to be clear about something. Am I to understand from you that the Court, the Ninth Circuit and the District Court in the case to which you referred, which I think was the R-I-A-A.
MR. GARBUS: R-I-O.
THE COURT: Pardon?
MR. GARBUS: R-I-O. I call it the Rio case. I think Rio may just have been a party --
MR GOLD: I think it's the Diamond Media case.
THE COURT: Diamond Media?
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
604
THE COURT: Now, am I to understand that it's your position that the District Court and the Court of Appeals' opinions relied on Professor Kurlantzick's express testimony in this?
MR. GARBUS: I think the Court today, I think that the Court of Appeals quoted him, but I don't remember about the trial court.
THE COURT: I would appreciate if you would cite that to me because I have just been looking on Westlaw and what I find that the Court of Appeals says there is a dispute about the effect of illegal copying on sales and it cites Kurlantzick as on one side of dispute and the record industry association on the other. And it doesn't adopt any view of the dispute.
MR. GARBUS: Yes.
THE COURT: Well, if that's what it means to say, they adopted his view, I guess we have learned something, but if there is something else to which you are referring, I would like to know about it.
MR. GARBUS: I think I was just referring to that case and I guess my -- in any event, the case says what it says.
THE COURT: It says what it says O.K., thank you.
Anything else for this witness, Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: No.
605
MR. GARBUS: You are very computer proficient.
THE COURT: Thank you.
THE WITNESS: Thank you, your Honor. I apologize for the earlier comment.
THE COURT: Relax. Everybody has got to relax.
THE COURT: Mr. Gold, what's next? Or I will tell you what, since I have another conference at 4:30, let's talk about scheduling and not call another witness now.
MR. GARBUS: May we approach the bench on scheduling?
THE COURT: Let me just find out if I really have a 4:30.
Let's talk about scheduling now. I do have a 4:30.
MR. GARBUS: Do you want to do it from here?
THE COURT: We can do it from here.
What have you got left, Mr. Gold?
MR GOLD: I think only one witness. I'd have to check. If it isn't one, it's two.
THE COURT: If it isn't one it's?
MR GOLD: It's two. And I can find out in a minute, if you want me to.
THE COURT: Well, can't Mr. Cooper find out while you are here dealing with this?
Mr. Cooper, go find out whether you have one witness left or two; O.K.?.
606
MR. COOPER: Yes, your Honor.
THE COURT: Who is the one you are sure about?
MR GOLD: McHale.
THE COURT: And who is the one you are not sure about?
MR. GOLD: The one, I'm not not sure about, I'm really not sure about. I haven't had much to do with it. I need to check with other people. I'm not withholding anything.
THE COURT: Then what have we got from you, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: I was told this was three or four days.
THE COURT: Well, tomorrow is the fourth day.
MR. GARBUS: Right. I think we could put on people Friday morning.
THE COURT: Tomorrow, whenever the plaintiff is done tomorrow, I mean I had a conference with you folks and I alerted you that that was the rule. We are not just going to kill a half a day because somebody is not ready to proceed.
MR. GARBUS: I don't know -- I don't know that -- I would make an attempt to do it. I don't know as I stand here now, but I will certainly go out and make a call.
THE COURT: Well, I assume your client is going to testify and he is sitting right here now.
MR. GARBUS: Don't make that assumption.
607
THE COURT: Well, I suggest unless you are clear that Mr. Gold is going to fill the day tomorrow --
MR. GARBUS: I'm not clear. We were supposed to be told each day what they were going to do tomorrow.
MR GOLD: Here we are.
THE COURT: Here we are.
MR. GARBUS: I was supposed to be told at 10 in the morning what they were going to be doing tomorrow. I was never told that. I did not know they were going to finish tomorrow.
THE COURT: Look, I have known since the first day of the trial that they expected to finish tomorrow. Indeed I think I have known it since the pretrial on July 12th. You could check, but I have certainly known they expected to be done on Thursday.
But what do we have, one witness or two?
MR GOLD: We have one witness and the second witness we hope we are working out an arrangement. It's the young man from Washington who will talk about his exhibits on his initial affidavits in the preliminary injunction motion. I can't imagine --
THE COURT: Does he have a name?
MR GOLD: Bruce Boyden; B-O-Y-D-E-N.
THE COURT: Putting aside for the moment whether we get started on the defense case tomorrow, what is the defense
608 case? We now know what the plaintiff's case is, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: I don't think it should take more than four days and I think perhaps less. I think the direct examination should be relatively short. So, I think, assuming that there is a -- I think we probably are going to produce about nine or ten witnesses. I think they're short witnesses. And I think that they're the witnesses who we've identified and these are witnesses who have been deposed. So, I think they can be short.
THE COURT: All right.
MR GOLD: Your Honor, tomorrow morning I think that, I'm assuming we'll work out this, but with respect to Boyden, we might have on direct, one, one hour and a quarter, and then it should be the end of our case.
THE COURT: All right. Make sure we do everything possible to have testimony here tomorrow, Mr. Garbus.
MR. GARBUS: I shall.
THE COURT: Because I will not be very charitable.
MR. GOLD: Can I know the other side of that, your Honor? I'd like to know who they're putting on tomorrow.
THE COURT: What's your plan, Mr. Garbus?
MR. GARBUS: I'll make some phone calls and I'll advise Mr. Gold by, I hope, 7 o'clock tonight.
THE COURT: All right.
Now, is it going to be your expectation or desire to
609 brief this at the end of the trial? Is that what you are going to want to do?
MR. GARBUS: Whatever the Court wants.
THE COURT: I'm asking what you want and then I will decide.
MR. GARBUS: Mr. Gold?
MR. GOLD: We would like to brief it. I have no idea whether Mr. Garbus would like to brief it.
MR. GARBUS: I'll do whatever Mr. Gold wants to do. I'm very agreeable.
THE COURT: I have commented before on how agreeable you have both been in this case.
MR. GOLD: I'll remain silent, and I expect to get credit for it.
THE COURT: Sufficient unto the day.
I will see you tomorrow morning at 9:00 o'clock. And I warn you both that if this thing begins to run beyond the expectations I have heard about how long it's going to be, we are going to lengthen the court day.
MR. ATLAS: One other thing, tomorrow morning, Mr. Johansen, I believe, will go first pursuant to what we discussed yesterday at sidebar.
THE COURT: All right. So, now you know No. 1, Mr. Gold.
MR GOLD: And all I need is No. 2.
610
Thank you, your Honor.
(Proceedings adjourned to July 20, 2000, at 9 o'clock)
611
INDEX OF EXAMINATION Witness D X RD RX MARSHA KING..............416 424
468 543 549 FRANKLIN M. FISHER.......551 578
DEFENDANT EXHIBITS Exhibit No. Received RK ..........................................467 BX ..........................................530